嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
philosophy of history-及1何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
Philosophy of History
by Hegel
Table of Contents
Introduction
O The subject of this course of Lectures is the Philosophical History of the World。
SECTION ONE�此�Original History
′ 1 They simply transferred what was passing in the world around them�察�to the realm of
representative intellect。
′ 2 The influences that have formed the writer are identical with those which have moulded the
events that constitute the matter of his story。
′ 3 What the historian puts into the mouths of orators is an uncorrupted transcript of their
intellectual and moral habitudes。
′ 4 Among the ancients�察�these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen。
SECTION TWO�此�Reflective History
′ 5 Reflective history's mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to
which it relates。
___1 Universal History
′ 6 It is the aim of Universal History to gain a view of the entire history of a people or a country。
′ 7 History must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions。
___2 Pragmatical History
′ 8 Pragmatical History takes the occurrence out of the category of the Past and makes it
virtually Present。
___3 Critical History
′ 9 In Critical History�察�it is not history itself that is presented�察�but a History of History。
′ 10 Critical History adopts an abstract position�察�yet forms a transition to the Philosophical
History。
SECTION THREE�此�Philosophic History
′ 11 Philosophy of History means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it。
′ 12 Reason is the Sovereign of the World�察�history therefore�察�presents us with a rational process。
′ 13 The World of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance�察�but must show
itself in the light of the self´cognisant Idea。
′ 14 Two points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that Reason rules in the
world。
I�此�Reason Governs World
′ 15 Anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that Reason governs the world。
′ 16 That Nature is unchangeably subordinate to universal laws�察�appears nowise strange to us。
′ 17 Religious holds that the world is not abandoned to chance�察�but that a Providence controls it。
II The Essential Destiny of Reason
′ 18 The question�察�what is the ultimate design of the World�拭�
′ 19 Spirit is our substantial object。 Our task does not require us to contemplate Nature as a
Rational System in itself。
′ 20 The three parts of the Destiny of Reason。
___��1�� The Abstract Characteristics of the Nature of Spirit
′ 21 As the essence of Matter is Gravity�察�so�察�on the other hand�察�the essence of Spirit is Freedom。
′ 22 Eastern nations knew that one is free�察�the Greeks and Romans that some are free�察�whilst we
know that all men are free。
′ 23 The final cause of the World�察�we allege to be Spirit's consciousness of its own freedom。
___��2�� The Means Spirit Uses to Realise Its Idea
′ 24 The first glance at History convinces us that the actions of men proceed from their needs��
their passions�察�their characters and talents。
′ 25 Aims�察�principles�察�&c。�察�have a place in our thoughts�察�but not yet in the sphere of reality。
′ 26 Nothing great in the World has been accomplished without passion。
′ 27 A State is powerful�察�when the private interest of its citizens is one with the common interest。
′ 28 The universal Idea exists as the substantial totality of things�察�and as the abstract essence of
free volition。
′ 29 The passions of men are gratified and build up the edifice of human society�察�for Right and
Order。
′ 30 The agent's aims are limited but the agents themselves are intelligent thinking beings。
′ 31 History has to do with those momentous collisions between existing�察�acknowledged duties��
laws�察�and rights。
′ 32 The particular aims of great historical men involve those large issues which are the will of the
World´Spirit。。
′ 33 Such individuals had no consciousness of the Idea they were unfolding�察�but were practical��
political men。
′ 34 They are great men�察�because they accomplished the needs of the age。
′ 35 A World´historical individual is devoted to the One Aim。
′ 36 It is not the Idea that is exposed to danger。 It remains in the background�察�untouched and
uninjured。 This may be called the cunning of reason。
′ 37 When speaking of the realisation of great ideals by individuals�察�the subjective element in
them has an infinite right to be consulted。。
′ 38 We must not fall into the Litany of Lamentations�察�that the good and pious often fare ill in the
world。
′ 39 The means which the World´Spirit uses for realising its Idea involves the activity of personal
existences in whom Reason is present�察�but still obscure and unknown to them。
___��3�� The Embodiment Spirit Assumes ! the State
′ 40 What is the material in which the Ideal of Reason is wrought out�拭 � Personality itself ´ human
desires ´ Subjectivity generally。
′ 41 The Idea is the inner spring of action�察�the State is the actually�察�existing�察�realised moral life。
′ 42 The first error is that man is free by nature�察�but that in society�察�he must limit this natural
freedom。
′ 43 Freedom does not exist as original and natural ! it must be first sought out and won。
′ 44 The patriarchal condition is one of transition�察�its unity not advancing beyond the merely
natural。
′ 45 No law can be valid without the approval of all。
′ 46 The State is an abstraction�察�but it is an actuality�察�and must embody itself in individual will。
′ 47 The necessity of a particular constitution is made to depend on the condition of the people
as if it were accidental。
′ 48 The State is the embodiment of rational freedom�察�realising itself in an objective form。
′ 49 The State is the Idea of Spirit in the external manifestation of human Will and its Freedom。
′ 50 We observe a union between the objective ´ the Idea�察 � and the subjective´ the personality
that conceives and wills it。
′ 51 The definite substance that exists in the State�察�is the Spirit of the People itself。
′ 52 Freedom can exist only where Individuality is recognised as having its real existence in the
Divine Being。
′ 53 While the State is based on Religion�察�Religion supposes the State already to exist。
′ 54 Religion is by no means a thing to be so produced�察�its self´production lies much deeper。
′ 55 An opposite folly is that of pretending to invent and carry out political constitutions
independently of religion。
′ 56 The State constitutes the rights of its members�察�its natural features are their country�察�their
outward material property。
′ 57 This matured totality constitutes the spirit of one People。 Each individual is the Son of his
Nation�察�the Son of his Age。
′ 58 Each particular National genius is only One Individual in the process of Universal History。
′ 59 Nothing further remains for this introductory section to contemplate but 。。。。
III The Course of World History
′ 60 History is an advance to something better�察�but Nature exhibits only a perpetually
self´repeating cycle。
′ 61 The principle of Development finds actual existence in Spirit�察�which has the History of the
World for its theatre。
′ 62 The Spirit's expansion is not the harmless tranquillity of mere growth�察�but a stern reluctant
working against itself。
′ 63 The analysis of the successive grades�察�in their abstract form�察�belongs to Logic�察�in their
concrete aspect to the Philosophy of Spirit。
′ 64 Possibility points to something destined to become actual。
′ 65 The investigation of the history of ancient peoples�察�to trace their annals up to the point where
fragments of primary revelation are to be met with。
′ 66 We have to thank this interest for many valuable discoveries in Oriental literature。
′ 67 An advanced condition of science�察�and the assertion that such a condition occurred at the
very beginning of History。
′ 68 The only method philosophical investigation can adopt�察�is to take up History where
Rationality begins to manifest itself in the World's affairs。
′ 69 The period before history was written are destitute of objective history�察�because they
present no subjective history。
′ 70 The progress of Nations assumes importance for concrete Reason�察�only when they have
come in contact with States�察�or begin to form constitutions。
′ 71 We now have to state the direction of its course�此�though here only formally。
′ 72 The logical�察�and dialectical nature of the Idea�察�viz。 that it is self´determined ! that it
assumes successive forms which it successively transcends�察�and by this very process gains a richer
and more concrete shape。
′ 73 A doubt has been suggested whether in the progress of history and of general culture��
mankind have become better。
′ 74 The History of the World occupies a higher ground than that on which morality has properly
its position。
′ 75 The condition of Philosophy's existence is the taking up of the object of thought�察�and at the
same time clothing it with the form of universality。
′ 76 Language attains on its own particular ground a high intellectual development�察�prior to the
commencement of civilisation。
′ 77 Philosophy also must make its appearance where political life exists。
′ 78 Among all world´historical peoples�察�art�察�science�察�even philosophy show not only diversity in
style�察�but still more remarkably in subject´matter。
′ 79 Those spheres of intelligence which lie beyond the limits of this consciousness are a common
ground。
′ 80 It is the concrete spirit of a people which we have to recognise�察�and it can only be
comprehended spiritually。
′ 81 History is the development of Spirit in Time�察�as Nature is the development of the Idea in
Space。
′ 82 With a vast expenditure of power a trivial result is produced�察�while from what appears
unimportant�察�a tremendous issue proceeds。
′ 83 What traveller among the ruins of Carthage or Rome has not reflected on the transience of
kingdoms and men。
′ 84 Spirit manipulates itself�察�multiplying the material for future endeavours and gratifying its
desires in a variety which is inexhaustible。
′ 85 The very essence of Spirit is activity�察�it realises its potentiality and becomes an object to
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��