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memoirs of napoleon bonaparte, v14-及5何蛍

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One of the most important struggles of modern times was now about to
commencea struggle which for many years was to decide the fate of
Europe。  Napoleon and Wellington at length stood opposite one another。
They had never met�察�the military reputation of each was of the highest
kind��

     ��For full details of the Waterloo campaign see Siborne's History
     of the War in France and Belgium in 1815�察�giving the English
     contemporary account�察�Chesney's Waterloo Lectures�察�the best English
     modern account�察�which has been accepted by the Prussians as pretty
     nearly representing their view�察�and Waterloo by Lieutenant´Colonel
     Prince Edouard de la Tour d'Auvergne ��Paris�察�Plon�察�1870���察�which may
     be taken as the French modern account。


     In judging this campaign the reader must guard himself from looking
     on it as fought by two different armies´the English and the
     Prussian´whose achievements are to be weighed against one another。
     Wellington and Blucher were acting in a complete unison rare even
     when two different corps of the same nation are concerned�察�but
     practically unexampled in the case of two armies of different
     nations。  Thus the two forces became one army�察�divided into two
     wings�察�one�察�the left ��or Prussian wing�� having been defeated by the
     main body of the French at Ligny on the 16th of June�察�the right ��or
     English wing�� retreated to hold the position at Waterloo�察�where the
     left ��or Prussian wing�� was to join it�察�and the united force was to
     crash the enemy。  Thus there is no question as to whether the
     Prussian army saved the English by their arrival�察�or whether the
     English saved the Prussians by their resistance at Waterloo。  Each
     army executed well and gallantly its part in a concerted operation。
     The English would never have fought at Waterloo if they had not
     relied on the arrival of the Prussians。  Had the Prussians not come
     up on the afternoon of the 18th of June the English would have been
     exposed to the same great peril of having alone to deal with the
     mass of the French army�察�as the Prussians would have had to face if
     they had found the English in full retreat。  To investigate the
     relative performances of the two armies is lunch the same as to
     decide the respective merits of the two Prussian armies at Sadowa��
     where one held the Austrians until the other arrived。  Also in
     reading the many interesting personal accounts of the campaign it
     most be remembered that opinions about the chance of success in a
     defensive struggle are apt to warp with the observer's position�察�as
     indeed General Grant has remarked in answer to criticisms on his
     army's state at the end of the first day of the battle of Shiloh or
     'Pittsburg Landing。  The man placed in the front rank or fighting
     line sees attack after attack beaten off。  He sees only part of his
     own losses�察�am most of the wounded disappear�察�and he also knows
     something of the enemy's loss by seeing the dead in front of him。
     Warmed by the contest�察�he thus believes in success。  The man placed
     in rear or advancing with reinforcements�察�having nothing of the
     excitement of the struggle�察�sees only the long and increasing column
     of wounded�察�stragglers�察�and perhaps of fliers。  He sees his
     companion fall without being able to answer the fire。  He sees
     nothing of the corresponding loss of the enemy�察�and he is apt to
     take a most desponding view of the situation。  Thus Englishmen
     reading the accounts of men who fought at Waterloo are too ready to
     disbelieve representations of what was taking place in the rear of
     the army�察�and to think Thackeray's life´like picture in Vanity Fair
     of the state of Brussels must be overdrawn。  Indeed�察�in this very
     battle of Waterloo�察�Zieten began to retreat when his help was most
     required�察�because one of his aides de camp told him that the right
     wing of the English was in full retreat。  ;This inexperienced young
     man�察─�says Muffling�察�p。 248�察 �had mistaken the great number of
     wounded going�察�or being taken�察�to the rear to be dressed�察�for
     fugitives�察�and accordingly made a false report。;  Further�察�reserves
     do not say much of their part or�察�sometimes�察�no part of the fight��
     and few people know that at least two English regiments actually
     present on the field of Waterloo hardly fired a shot till the last
     advance。

     The Duke described the army as the worst he ever commanded�察�and said
     that if he had had his Peninsular men�察�the fight would have been
     over much sooner。  But the Duke�察�sticking to ideas now obsolete�察�had
     no picked corps。  Each man�察�trusting in and trusted by his comrades��
     fought under his own officers and under his own regimental colours。
     Whatever they did not know�察�the men knew how to die�察�and at the end
     of the day a heap of dead told where each regiment and battery had
     stood。��

the career of both had been marked by signal victory�察�Napoleon had
carried his triumphant legions across the stupendous Alps�察�over the north
of Italy�察�throughout Prussia�察�Austria�察�Russia�察�and even to the foot of
the Pyramids�察�while Wellington�察�who had been early distinguished in
India�察�had won immortal renown in the Peninsula�察�where he had defeated��
one after another�察�the favourite generals of Napoleon。  He was now to
make trial of his prowess against their Master。

Among the most critical events of modern times the battle of Waterloo
stands conspicuous。  This sanguinary encounter at last stopped the
torrent of the ruthless and predatory ambition of the French�察�by which so
many countries had been desolated。  With the peace which immediately
succeeded it confidence was restored to Europe。




CHAPTER X。

1815

     Interview with LavalletteProceedings in the French Chambers
     Second abdication of NapoleonHe retires to Rochefort�察�negotiates
     with Captain Maitland�察�and finally embarks in the 'Bellerophon'。

One of the first public men to see Napoleon after his return from
Waterloo was Lavallette。  ;I flew�察─�says he�察 �to the Elysee to see the
Emperor�此�he summoned me into his closet�察�and as soon as he saw me�察�he
came to meet me with a frightful epileptic 'laugh。  `Oh�察�my God��' he
said�察�raising his eyes to heaven�察�and walking two or three times up and
down the room。  This appearance of despair was however very short。  He
soon recovered his coolness�察�and asked me what was going forward in the
Chamber of Representatives。  I could not attempt to hide that party
spirit was there carried to a high pitch�察�and that the majority seemed
determined to require his abdication�察�and to pronounce it themselves if
he did not concede willingly。  'How is that��' he said。  'If proper
measures are not taken the enemy will be before the gates of Paris in
eight days。  Alas��' he added�察�'have I accustomed them to such great
victories that they knew not how to bear one day's misfortune�拭 �What will
become of poor France�拭 �I have done all I could for her��'  He then heaved
a deep sigh。  Somebody asked to speak to him�察�and I left him�察�with a
direction to come back at a later hour。

;I passed the day in seeking information among all my friends and
acquaintances。  I found in all of them either the greatest dejection or
an extravagant joy�察�which they disguised by feigned alarm and pity for
myself�察�which I repulsed with great indignation。  Nothing favourable was
to be expected from the Chamber of Representatives。  They all said they
wished for liberty�察�but�察�between two enemies who appeared ready to
destroy it�察�they preferred the foreigners�察�the friends of the Bourbons��
to Napoleon�察�who might still have prolonged the struggle�察�but that he
alone would not find means to save them and erect the edifice of liberty。
The Chamber of Peers presented a much sadder spectacle。  Except the
intrepid Thibaudeau�察�who till�察�the last moment expressed himself with
admirable energy against the Bourbons�察�almost all the others thought of
nothing else but getting out of the dilemma with the least loss they
could。  Some took no pains to hide their wish of bending again under the
Bourbon yoke。;

On the evening of Napoleon's return to Paris he sent for Benjamin
Constant to come to him at the Elysee about seven o'clock。  The Chambers
had decreed their permanence�察�and proposals for abdication had reached
the Emperor。  He was serious but calm。  In reply to some words on the
disaster of Waterloo he said�察 �The question no longer concerns me�察�but
France。  They wish me to abdicate。  Have they calculated upon the
inevitable consequences of this abdication�拭 �It is round me�察�round my
name�察�that the army rallies�此�to separate me from it is to disband it。
If I abdicate to´day�察�in two days' time you will no longer have an army。
These poor fellows do not understand all your subtleties。  Is it believed
that axioms in metaphysics�察�declarations of right�察�harangues from the
tribune�察�will put a stop to the disbanding of an army�拭 �To reject me when
I landed at Cannes I can conceive possible�察�to abandon me now is what I
do not understand。  It is not when the enemy is at twenty´five leagues'
distance that any Government can be overturned with impunity。  Does any
one imagine that the Foreign Powers will be won over by fine words�拭 �If
they had dethroned me fifteen days ago there would have been some spirit
in it�察�but as it is�察�I make part of what strangers attack�察�I make part��
then�察�of what France is bound to defend。  In giving me up she gives up
herself�察�she avows her weakness�察�she acknowledges herself conquered�察�she
courts the insolence of the conqueror。  It is not the love of liberty
which deposes me�察�but Waterloo�察�it is fear�察�and a fear of which your
enemies will take advantage。  And then what title has the Chamber to
demand my abdication�拭 �It goes out of its lawful sphere in doing so�察�it
has no authority。  It is my right�察�it is my duty to dissolve it。;

;He then hastily ran over the possible consequences of such a step。
Separated from the Chambers�察�he could only be considered as a military
chief�此�but the ar
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