嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the dawn of amateur radio in the u[1].k.(辺咄字鴨侘議貴伏)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



given   the  credit of   having devised the  first   practical   system  for  wireless 



                                                13 


´ Page 14´

               The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



telegraphy�察  �combined   to   turn   apparently   disastrous   failures   into   success�察�

and now ��in 1908���察�wireless telegraphy has become�察�in less than a decade�察�

part and parcel of commercial and national life。; 

       The    world's    first  patent   for  wireless    telegraphy     was    awarded     to 

Marconi on the 2nd June 1896。 In it he stated that ;electrical action can be 

transmitted through the earth�察�air or water�察�by means of oscillations of high 

frequency。;   In   the   first   public   demonstration   of   his   equipment   Marconi 

spanned the 365 metres between the G。P。O。 and Victoria street。 Later�察�on 

Salisbury      Plain�察  �in   March     1897�察   �his   signals    were    detected    over    7 

kilometres   away。      On    the  11th   &   18th   May   1897      messages     were    first 

exchanged        over   water。    On    the   27th   of   March     1899�察    �during    naval 

manoeuvres�察  �Marconi   bridged   the   English   Channel   for   the   first   time�察  �a 

distance   of   about   140   kilometres。   His   transatlantic   triumph   came   on   the 

12th     December      1901    when    the   morse    letter  'S'  was   transmitted     from 

Poldhu�察    �in   Cornwall     and   received     by   Marconi     himself    at  St。  John's�察�

Newfoundland�察�who recorded the historic event in his pocket book simply 

;Sigs at 12。20�察�1。10 & 2。20;。 

       The operation of Marconi's transmitter was itself quite spectacular。 To 

produce the oscillations he employed the oscillator designed by Augusto 

Righi。 Depressing the key closed the circuit and brought the inductor coil 

into action。 Vivid sparks occurred between the balls of the oscillator�察�to the 

accompaniment of a succession of sharp cracks�察�like the reports of a pistol�察�

and some energy was sent off the square metal plate in the form of trains 

of   electromagnetic   waves�察  �which   radiated   out   in   all   directions。   But   the 

energy occupied a very large bandwidth   and the receivers of that   period 

could not separate two transmissions。 William J。White of the Post Office 

wrote in 1908�察 �The chief objection which has been raised against modern 

wireless telegraphy is its want of secrecy。 With a transmitter sending out 

waves in all directions�察�it is possible for unscrupulous persons to receive 

the messages and make an improper use of them。 This form of 'scientific 

hooliganism' has�察�in fact�察�become somewhat notorious。 When two or three 

transmitters are each sending out their electromagnetic waves�察�the result�察�

naturally�察    �is  utter   confusion。;      White     added    that   the   British    Postal 

Administration was refusing to grant licences for more than one system in 



                                                14 


´ Page 15´

               The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



the   same   area�察  �in   spite   of   the   fact   that   there   had   been   some   'alleged' 

solutions of the problem。 The phenomenon of resonance was known and 

Dr  ��later   Sir  Oliver��   Lodge  had   taken out   various patents   between   1889 

and     1898     in  connection      with    receivers。     Marconi      and    his   assistants 

ultimately solved the problem by modifying Lodge's syntonic Leyden jar 

tuned circuit。 They added a tapped inductance in the aerial circuit of the 

transmitter   and   used   variable   capacitors   instead   of   fixed   ones。  This   was 

probably   the   most   significant   modification   made   in   the   development   of 

wireless   telegraphy。   ��In   Greek   the   word   syntonismos   'to   bring   to   equal 

tone' is used for 'tuning'。�� 

       Apart     from    the   patents    taken    out   by   Sir   Oliver    Lodge     and   Dr 

Alexander   Muirhead�察  �in   1897�察  �patents   were   taken   out   in           Germany   by 

Professor   Braun   of   Strasbourg�察  �who   was   joined   by   Professor   Slaby   and 

Count D'Arco in 1903 to form the Telefunken company�察�and in the U。S。A。 

by   Dr    Lee   De    Forest    of  the   American      De   Forest    Wireless     Telegraph 

Company who was the first to use a high A。C。 voltage of 20��000 volts to 

obtain   the   necessary   high´potential   discharges�察  �thus   dispensing   with   the 

induction       coil。   Again     in  the    U。S。A。�察    �Professor     R。O。Fessenden         was 

responsible   for   the   design      of   new   types   of   transmitting   and      receiving 

apparatus。 

        During   this   period   Marconi   had   resisted   all   offers   by   financiers   to 

acquire his patents。 In July 1897 he entrusted his cousin Jameson Davis to 

form The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company Ltd which soon became 

Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co。�察�and ultimately the Marconi Company。 

       William   Preece   of   the   Post   Office   detached   one   of   his   assistants�察�

George   S。   Kemp�察  �to   help   Marconi。   Kemp   was   destined   to   become   his 

right´hand      man    and    served    Marconi     faithfully    throughout      his  life。  By 

today's   standards�察 �Marconi   can   be said to have   been a   highly  successful 

entrepreneur。 He had the great knack of selecting the right man for the job�察�

and inspired deep loyalty in his staff。 He regarded himself as an 'amateur' 

and often paid tribute to the work of radio experimenters。 

        ��Most    of  the   above    passages     are   quoted     from    'A   History   of   the 

Marconi       Company'       by   W。J。Baker�察     �published     by   Methuen       &   Co    Ltd。 

reprinted in 1979。�� 



                                                  15 


´ Page 16´

              The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



                       CHAPTER THREE 



                       THE RADIO AMATEUR MOVEMENT 

       From the turn of the century enthusiastic young men who built their 

own items of electrical and wireless apparatus were known as ;Wireless 

Experimenters;。 Many of them were later granted licences for the use of 

;Wireless Telegraphy for experimental purposes; ��in the United Kingdom�� 

by    the   Postmaster     General     under    the  terms    of   the  1904    Wireless 

Telegraphy Act。   In   his   report   to   Parliament   for   the   years   1905´1906   the 

P。M。G。 stated that it was his wish ;to promote experimental investigations 

in this promising field;。 

       In  a  book    published     in  1908   by   R。P。Howgrave´Graham           entitled 

;Wireless Telegraphy for Amateurs; the word amateur seems to have been 

used for the first time。 

       During the 1914´1918 war all wireless apparatus in the possession of 

licensed amateurs was closed down under the Defence of the Realm Act of 

1914。 Experimental transmission licences numbered 1��600。 

       After the end of the war an Inter´Departmental Committee was set up 

and in its report to the Postmaster General dated April 1919 it stated�此 �We 

are of the opinion that the number  of stations existing in July 1914   was 

excessive     from    the  point   of  view    of  government      control   in  case   of 

emergency and the necessity of preventing interference with government 

and commercial working�察�further there was no justification for it from the 

point    of  view    of  the   encouragement       of  research    or  development      of 

industry;。 

       But there was a magnanimous relaxation in the Defence Regulations 

when   the   Post   Office   notified   manufacturers   of   electrical   apparatus   that 

restriction on the sale of buzzers had been removed。 Buzzers could now be 

sold without enquiry as to the use to which the purchaser proposed to put 

them�。。 �

       During   1919   many   issues   of   WIRELESS   WORLD   considered   ;the 

amateur position;�察�and a leading article in the March issue began with a 

quotation attributed to Marconi�此�

       ;I   consider   that   the   existence   of   a   body   of   independent   and   often 



                                              16 


´ Page 17´

               The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



enthusiastic      amateurs     constitutes    a  valuable    asset   towards     the  further 

development of wireless telegraphy。; 

       In a subsequent letter to the Editor Marconi wrote�此�

       ;In my opinion it would be a mistaken policy to introduce legislation 

to   prevent   amateurs   experimenting   with   wireless   telegraphy   ��which   the 

authorities   were   contemplating��。   Had   it   not   been   for   amateurs�察  �wireless 

telegraphy as a great world´fact might not have existed at all。 A great deal 

of   the   development   and   progress   of   wireless   telegraphy   is   due   to       the 

efforts of amateurs。; 

       John Ambrose Fleming�察�the inventor of the diode valve�察�also wrote to 

the Editor of W。W。 as follows�此�

       ;It  is  a  matter    of   common      knowledge       that   a  large   part   of  the 

important inventions in connection with wireless telegraphy have been the 

work   of   amateurs   and   private   research   and   not   the   outcome   of   official 

brains or the handiwork of military or naval organisations。 In fact we may 

say that wireless telegraphy itself in its inception was an amateur product。 

Numerous important inventions such as the crystal detector�察�the oscillating 

valve�察�the triode valve  have been due to private or amateur work。 If full 

opportunities   for   such   non´official   research   work         are   not   restored�察  �the 

progress of the art of radio telegraphy and radio telephony will be greatly 

hindered
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��