嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
the dawn of amateur radio in the u[1].k.(辺咄字鴨侘議貴伏)-及4何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
given the credit of having devised the first practical system for wireless
13
´ Page 14´
The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view
telegraphy�察 �combined to turn apparently disastrous failures into success�察�
and now ��in 1908���察�wireless telegraphy has become�察�in less than a decade�察�
part and parcel of commercial and national life。;
The world's first patent for wireless telegraphy was awarded to
Marconi on the 2nd June 1896。 In it he stated that ;electrical action can be
transmitted through the earth�察�air or water�察�by means of oscillations of high
frequency。; In the first public demonstration of his equipment Marconi
spanned the 365 metres between the G。P。O。 and Victoria street。 Later�察�on
Salisbury Plain�察 �in March 1897�察 �his signals were detected over 7
kilometres away。 On the 11th & 18th May 1897 messages were first
exchanged over water。 On the 27th of March 1899�察 �during naval
manoeuvres�察 �Marconi bridged the English Channel for the first time�察 �a
distance of about 140 kilometres。 His transatlantic triumph came on the
12th December 1901 when the morse letter 'S' was transmitted from
Poldhu�察 �in Cornwall and received by Marconi himself at St。 John's�察�
Newfoundland�察�who recorded the historic event in his pocket book simply
;Sigs at 12。20�察�1。10 & 2。20;。
The operation of Marconi's transmitter was itself quite spectacular。 To
produce the oscillations he employed the oscillator designed by Augusto
Righi。 Depressing the key closed the circuit and brought the inductor coil
into action。 Vivid sparks occurred between the balls of the oscillator�察�to the
accompaniment of a succession of sharp cracks�察�like the reports of a pistol�察�
and some energy was sent off the square metal plate in the form of trains
of electromagnetic waves�察 �which radiated out in all directions。 But the
energy occupied a very large bandwidth and the receivers of that period
could not separate two transmissions。 William J。White of the Post Office
wrote in 1908�察 �The chief objection which has been raised against modern
wireless telegraphy is its want of secrecy。 With a transmitter sending out
waves in all directions�察�it is possible for unscrupulous persons to receive
the messages and make an improper use of them。 This form of 'scientific
hooliganism' has�察�in fact�察�become somewhat notorious。 When two or three
transmitters are each sending out their electromagnetic waves�察�the result�察�
naturally�察 �is utter confusion。; White added that the British Postal
Administration was refusing to grant licences for more than one system in
14
´ Page 15´
The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view
the same area�察 �in spite of the fact that there had been some 'alleged'
solutions of the problem。 The phenomenon of resonance was known and
Dr ��later Sir Oliver�� Lodge had taken out various patents between 1889
and 1898 in connection with receivers。 Marconi and his assistants
ultimately solved the problem by modifying Lodge's syntonic Leyden jar
tuned circuit。 They added a tapped inductance in the aerial circuit of the
transmitter and used variable capacitors instead of fixed ones。 This was
probably the most significant modification made in the development of
wireless telegraphy。 ��In Greek the word syntonismos 'to bring to equal
tone' is used for 'tuning'。��
Apart from the patents taken out by Sir Oliver Lodge and Dr
Alexander Muirhead�察 �in 1897�察 �patents were taken out in Germany by
Professor Braun of Strasbourg�察 �who was joined by Professor Slaby and
Count D'Arco in 1903 to form the Telefunken company�察�and in the U。S。A。
by Dr Lee De Forest of the American De Forest Wireless Telegraph
Company who was the first to use a high A。C。 voltage of 20��000 volts to
obtain the necessary high´potential discharges�察 �thus dispensing with the
induction coil。 Again in the U。S。A。�察 �Professor R。O。Fessenden was
responsible for the design of new types of transmitting and receiving
apparatus。
During this period Marconi had resisted all offers by financiers to
acquire his patents。 In July 1897 he entrusted his cousin Jameson Davis to
form The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company Ltd which soon became
Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co。�察�and ultimately the Marconi Company。
William Preece of the Post Office detached one of his assistants�察�
George S。 Kemp�察 �to help Marconi。 Kemp was destined to become his
right´hand man and served Marconi faithfully throughout his life。 By
today's standards�察 �Marconi can be said to have been a highly successful
entrepreneur。 He had the great knack of selecting the right man for the job�察�
and inspired deep loyalty in his staff。 He regarded himself as an 'amateur'
and often paid tribute to the work of radio experimenters。
��Most of the above passages are quoted from 'A History of the
Marconi Company' by W。J。Baker�察 �published by Methuen & Co Ltd。
reprinted in 1979。��
15
´ Page 16´
The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view
CHAPTER THREE
THE RADIO AMATEUR MOVEMENT
From the turn of the century enthusiastic young men who built their
own items of electrical and wireless apparatus were known as ;Wireless
Experimenters;。 Many of them were later granted licences for the use of
;Wireless Telegraphy for experimental purposes; ��in the United Kingdom��
by the Postmaster General under the terms of the 1904 Wireless
Telegraphy Act。 In his report to Parliament for the years 1905´1906 the
P。M。G。 stated that it was his wish ;to promote experimental investigations
in this promising field;。
In a book published in 1908 by R。P。Howgrave´Graham entitled
;Wireless Telegraphy for Amateurs; the word amateur seems to have been
used for the first time。
During the 1914´1918 war all wireless apparatus in the possession of
licensed amateurs was closed down under the Defence of the Realm Act of
1914。 Experimental transmission licences numbered 1��600。
After the end of the war an Inter´Departmental Committee was set up
and in its report to the Postmaster General dated April 1919 it stated�此 �We
are of the opinion that the number of stations existing in July 1914 was
excessive from the point of view of government control in case of
emergency and the necessity of preventing interference with government
and commercial working�察�further there was no justification for it from the
point of view of the encouragement of research or development of
industry;。
But there was a magnanimous relaxation in the Defence Regulations
when the Post Office notified manufacturers of electrical apparatus that
restriction on the sale of buzzers had been removed。 Buzzers could now be
sold without enquiry as to the use to which the purchaser proposed to put
them�。。 �
During 1919 many issues of WIRELESS WORLD considered ;the
amateur position;�察�and a leading article in the March issue began with a
quotation attributed to Marconi�此�
;I consider that the existence of a body of independent and often
16
´ Page 17´
The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view
enthusiastic amateurs constitutes a valuable asset towards the further
development of wireless telegraphy。;
In a subsequent letter to the Editor Marconi wrote�此�
;In my opinion it would be a mistaken policy to introduce legislation
to prevent amateurs experimenting with wireless telegraphy ��which the
authorities were contemplating��。 Had it not been for amateurs�察 �wireless
telegraphy as a great world´fact might not have existed at all。 A great deal
of the development and progress of wireless telegraphy is due to the
efforts of amateurs。;
John Ambrose Fleming�察�the inventor of the diode valve�察�also wrote to
the Editor of W。W。 as follows�此�
;It is a matter of common knowledge that a large part of the
important inventions in connection with wireless telegraphy have been the
work of amateurs and private research and not the outcome of official
brains or the handiwork of military or naval organisations。 In fact we may
say that wireless telegraphy itself in its inception was an amateur product。
Numerous important inventions such as the crystal detector�察�the oscillating
valve�察�the triode valve have been due to private or amateur work。 If full
opportunities for such non´official research work are not restored�察 �the
progress of the art of radio telegraphy and radio telephony will be greatly
hindered
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��