the greatness of cities-第6部分

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d　government　spare　not　to　say　and　teach　that　to　hold　the　subjects　in　due　obedience　to　their　prince　man's　wit　and　policy　prevaileth　more　than　divine　or　godly　counsel：　a　speech　and　invention　in　very　truth　rather　of　a　miscreant　and　caterpillar　of　a　commonweal　than　of　a　lover　and　a　favourer　of　the　majesty　of　a　state。　For　such　are　the　ruins　of　kings；　the　plague　of　kingdoms；　the　scandal　of　Christianity；　the　sworn　enemies　of　the　Church；　nay　rather　of　God；　against　whom；　to　the　imitation　of　the　ancient　giants；　they　build　up　a　new　tower　unto　Babel　which　shall　breed　and　bring　unto　them　in　the　end　confusion　and　utter　ruin。　Qui　habitat　in　coelis　irridebit　eos；　et　Dominus　subsannabit　eos。　Hear；　ye　princes；　what　the　prophet　Isaiah　saith　of　the　counsellors　of　King　Pharaoh：　Sapientes　consiliarii　Pharaonis　dederunt　consilium　insipiens；　deceperunt　Aegyptum　angulum　populorum　eius。　Dominus　miscuit　in　medio　eius　spiritum　vertiginis；　et　errare　fecerunt　Aegyptum　in　omni　opere　suo；　sicut　errat　ebrius　et　vomens。　　　　　If　this　place　would　suffer　it　I　could　easily　show　that　the　greatest　part　of　the　loss　of　states　and　ruins　of　Christian　princes　have　proceeded　of　this　accursed　variance　in　religion；　through　the　which　we　are　disarmed　and　deprived　of　the　protection　and　favour　of　Almighty　God；　and　have　thrust　into　the　hands　of　the　Turks　and　Calvinists　the　weapons　and　the　scourges　of　God's　Divine　justice　against　us。　But　it　sufficeth　here　to　advise　princes　that　tread　down　the　laws　of　God　by　that　preposterous　and　wicked　kind　of　government　that　they　learn　of　Jeroboam　and　fear　the　issue　of　him　whose　acts　they　imitate；　that　they　may　hereafter　the　better　beware　by　other　men's　harms。　For　in　revenge　of　his　impiety　God　raised　up　against　Nadab　his　son　the　King　Baasha；　who　slew　him　and　all　his　race。　Non　dimisit　ne　unam　quidem　animam　de　semine　eius；　donec　deleret　eam。　But　let　us　return　where　we　left。　　　　　Of　what　strength　and　power　to　make　a　place　populous　religion　proves　to　be；　and　to　have　the　opinion　of　some　famous　relic　or　notable　argument　of　God's　divine　assistance；　or　some　authority　in　the　admiration；　administration　and　government　of　ecclesiastical　causes；　Loreto　in　Italy；　St。　Michel　in　France；　Guadalupe　and　Compostela　in　Spain　do　all　of　them　declare　and　manifest　it　plain；　and　many　places　more　besides；　though　solitary　and　desert；　though　sharp　and　rocky；　unto　the　which　for　no　respect　but　for　devotion's　sake　and　piety　people　daily　do　resort　infinitely　in　flocks　from　the　farthest　parts　that　are。　　　　　And　no　marvel　if　you　look　into　it　thoroughly。　For　there　is　not　anything　in　this　world　of　more　efficacy　and　force　to　allure　and　draw　to　it　the　hearts　of　men　than　God；　which　is　the　summum　bonum。　He　is　carefully　desired　and　sought　for　continually　of　all　creatures　whatsoever；　with　soul　or　without；　for　all　regard　Him　as　their　last　end。　Light　things　seek　their　summum　bonum　above；　heavy　things　beneath；　within　the　centre　of　this　earth；　the　heavens；　in　their　revolutions；　the　herbs　in　their　flowers；　the　trees　in　their　fruits；　beasts　in　the　preservation　of　their　kind；　and　man；　in　seeking　his　tranquillity　of　mind　and　everlasting　joy。　　　　　But　forasmuch　as　God　is　of　so　high　a　nature　as　the　sense　of　man　cannot　attain　to　it；　so　shining　bright　as　the　eye　of　man's　understanding　cannot　conceive　it；　every　man　directly　turns　him　to　that　place　where　he　leaves　some　print　of　his　power；　or　declares　some　sign　of　his　assistance；　which　ordinary　have　been　and　are　seen　on　the　mountains　or　the　deserts。　　　　　Is　not　then　Rome　indebted　much　for　her　magnificence　and　greatness　to　the　blood　of　the　martyrs；　to　the　relics　of　saints；　to　the　holy　consecrated　places；　and　to　the　supreme　authority　in　beneficial　and　spiritual　causes？　Would　she　not　become　a　very　wilderness；　if　the　opinion　of　the　holiness　of　the　places　drew　not　the　innumerable　sight　of　people　from　the　uttermost　parts　of　the　earth？　Would　she　not　become　a　desert　if　the　apostolic　seat　and　the　power　of　the　keys　caused　not　an　inestimable　multitude　of　people　daily　to　repair　unto　it　for　some　business　or　other？　　　　　Milan；　a　most　populous　and　famous　city；　shall　ever　be　a　witness　what　praise　and　glory；　and　how　much　increase　it　hath　gotten　by　the　singular　piety　and　religious　life　of　that　great　Cardinal　Borromeo。　Princes　resorted；　even　from　the　uttermost　ends　of　the　south；　to　visit　him；　bishops　made　access　from　all　parts　to　consult　with　him　for　his　opinion　in　any　controversies　that　sprang　amongst　them；　the　clergy　likewise　harkened　unto　his　counsels；　and　the　religious　people　of　all　nations　held　Milan　for　their　country　and　the　house　of　that　godly　man　for　their　port；　his　liberality　for　their　refuge　and　his　godly　life　for　a　most　fair　and　clear　glass　of　ecclesiastical　discipline　for　all　men　to　look　into　and　to　take　example　by。　　　　　I　should　haply　be　too　long　if　I　should　declare　unto　you　with　what　singular　praise　and　commendation　he　celebrated　every　year　his　synods；　and　with　what　magnificency　he　visited　every　year　his　provinces；　how　many　churches　he　either　built　new　or；　being　old；　set　in　good　order；　how　many　he　adorned　and　beautified；　how　many　monasteries　of　men　and　women　he　erected；　how　many　well…ordered　colleges　of　young　men　and　seminaries　of　priests　he　instituted；　how　many　sorts　of　academies　he　set　up　and　founded　to　the　inestimable　good　of　the　people；　how　many　kinds　of　entertainments　and　promotions　he　bestowed　upon　arts　and　on　artificers。　And　I　should　never　end　if　I　should　recount　the　matter　and　the　means　wherewith　by　amplifying　God's　service　and　advancing　of　religion　he　increased　also　the　city；　and　doubled　the　concourse　of　people　unto　Milan。

　4。　Of　schools　and　studies

　　　　The　commodity　of　learned　schools　is　of　no　small　moment　to　draw　people；　especially　young　men；　to　a　city　of　whose　greatness　we　are　in　speech。　For　inasmuch　as　there　be　two　means　for　men　of　wit　and　courage　to　rise　to　some　degree　of　honour　and　reputation　in　the　world；　the　one　by　arms；　the　other　by　book；　the　first　is　sought　for　in　the　field；　with　the　spear　and　the　sword；　and　the　last　in　the　academy；　with　pen　and　book。　　　　　And　forasmuch　as　men　long　for　honour　or　for　profit；　and　of　liberal　arts　and　sciences　some　bring　certain　wealth　to　men　and　some　promotions　and　preferments　to　honourable　functions；　it　is　a　thing　of　no　small　importance　that　in　a　city　there　be　provided　an　academy　or　such　a　school　as　young　men；　desirous　to　attain　to　virtue　and　learning；　may　thereby　have　occasion　to　repair　rather　thither　than　to　any　other　place。　And　that　will　be　effected　soon　if　besides　the　commodity　of　the　school　and　good　teachers　they　may　enjoy　convenient　immunities　and　privileges。　I　say　convenient；　for　that　I　would　not　have　impunity　afforded　unto　faults；　nor　licence　given　to　fall　to　vice　and　wickedness；　but　honest　liberty　allowed　to　them　that　they　may　the　more　commodiously　and　cheerfully　attend　to　their　studies。　　　　　For　to　say　truth；　study　is　a　matter　of　great　labour　and　travail；　both　of　the　mind　and　body。　And　thereupon　our　forefathers　in　times　past　called　the　goddess　of　arts　and　sciences　Minerva；　because　the　toil　of　speculation　weakeneth　the　strength　and　cuts　the　sinews。　For　an　afflicted　body　afflicteth　many　times　the　mind；　whereof　groweth　melancholy　and　sadness。　And　therefore　it　stands　with　good　reason　that　all　convenient　privilege　and　liberty　be　granted　unto　scholars　that　may　maintain　them　in　contented　and　cheerful　minds；　but　no　dissoluteness　allowed　in　any　wise　unto　them；　whereof　the　academies　in　Italy　are　grown　too　full。　For　the　pen　is　there　turned　into　a　poignard；　and　the　dwell　into　a　flask　and　touch…box　for　a　gun；　the　disputations　into　bloody　brawlings；　the　schools　into　lists；　and　the　scholars　into　cutters　and　to　hacksters。　Honesty　is　there　flouted　at　and　scorned；　and　bashfulness　and　modesty　accounted　a　discredit　and　a　shame。　So　that　a　young　man　that　were　like　enough　to　lead　the　modest　and　sober　life　of　a　good　student　shall　have　much　to　do　if　he　scape　to　be　undone。　But　let　us　leave　complaints；　and　yet　I　must　needs　say　this　much　first：　no　academy　can　flourish　aright；　without　quarrels；　cards　and　dice　be　banished　quite；　and　clean　cast　out。　　　　　Francis　the　First；　King　of　France；　because　the　scholars　of　the　University　of　Paris　（which　in　his　time　were　almost　an　infinite　sight）　should　have　commodity　and　means　to　take　the　air　and　to　recreate　themselves　with　honest　exercises；　he　assigned　them　a　great　meadow　near　the　city　and　the　river　where　without　let　or　trouble　to　them　they　might　disport　and　solace　themselves　at　their　will　and　pleasure。　There　they　fell　to　wrestling；　there　they　played　at　the　barriers；　at　the　ball　and　the　football；　there　did　they　cast　the　sledge　and　leap　and　run；　with　such　cheerfulness　and　pastime　as　it　delighted　the　beholders　thereof　no　less　than　themselves。　And　so　ceaseth　by　this　means　the　clatter　and　the　noise　of　weapons　and　of　armour；　and　also　play　at　cards　and　dice。　　　　　For　the　same　reasons　it　is　necessary　that　the　city　wherein　you　will　found　an　academy　be　of　an　wholesome　air；　and　of　a　pleasant　and　delightful　situation；　where　there　may　be　both　rivers；　fountains；　springs　and　woods。　For　these　things　of　themselves；　without　any　other　help；　are　apt　to　delight　and　cheer　up　the　spirits　and　minds　of　students。　Such　were　in　times　past　Athens　and　Rhodes；　where　all　good　arts　and　learning　flourished　most　above　all　other。　　　　　Galeazzo　Visconti　（besides　these　invitings　and　allurements）　being　earnestly　desirous　to　illustrate　and　appopulate　Pavia；　was　the　first　that　forbad　his　subjects；　under　a　great　pain；　to　go　anywhere　else　to　study；　which　course　some　princes　else　of　Italy　hath　since　his　time　followed。　　　　　But　these　are　means　full　of　distrust　and　trouble。　The　honourable　and　notable　means　to　retain　subjects　in　their　country；　and　to　draw　strangers　also　home　to　it；　is　to　procure　them　means　of　honest　recreation；　to　provide　them　plenty　of　victual；　to　maintain　to　them　their　privileges；　to　give　them　occasion　to　rise　to　degrees　of　honour　by　their　learned　exercises；　to　make　account　of　good　wits；　and　to　reward　them　well；　but　above　all　to　store　them　with　plenty　of　doctors　and　learned　men　of　great　fame　and　reputation。　　　　　The　great　Pompey　was　not　ashamed　to　enter　into　the　schools；　for　after　they　had　conquered　all　the　East　he　went　to　the　schools　at　Rhodes　to　hear　the　professors　there　dispute。　　　　　But　for　a　far　greater　reason　Sigismund　King　of　Polan