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the essays of montaigne, v8-及1何蛍

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The Essays of Montaigne�察�V8

by Michel de Montaigne

Translated by Charles Cotton

Edited by William Carew Hazilitt

1877







CONTENTS OF VOLUME 8。


XLVIII。   Of war´horses�察�or destriers。
XLIX。     Of ancient customs。
L。        Of Democritus and Heraclitus。
LI。       Of the vanity of words。
LII。      Of the parsimony of the Ancients。
LIII。     Of a saying of Caesar。
LIV。      Of vain subtleties。
LV。       Of smells。
LVI。      Of prayers。
LVII。     Of age。





CHAPTER XLVIII

OF WAR HORSES�察�OR DESTRIERS


I here have become a grammarian�察�I who never learned any language but by
rote�察�and who do not yet know adjective�察�conjunction�察�or ablative。  I
think I have read that the Romans had a sort of horses by them called
'funales' or 'dextrarios'�察�which were either led horses�察�or horses laid
on at several stages to be taken fresh upon occasion�察�and thence it is
that we call our horses of service 'destriers'�察�and our romances commonly
use the phrase of 'adestrer' for 'accompagner'�察�to accompany。  They also
called those that were trained in such sort�察�that running full speed��
side by side�察�without bridle or saddle�察�the Roman gentlemen�察�armed at all
pieces�察�would shift and throw themselves from one to the other��
'desultorios equos'。  The Numidian men´at´arms had always a led horse in
one hand�察�besides that they rode upon�察�to change in the heat of battle��

    ;Quibus�察�desultorum in modum�察�binos trahentibus equos�察�inter
     acerrimam saepe pugnam�察�in recentem equum�察�ex fesso�察�armatis
     transultare mos erat�此�tanta velocitas ipsis�察�tamque docile
     equorum genus。;

     �А�To whom it was a custom�察�leading along two horses�察�often in the
     hottest fight�察�to leap armed from a tired horse to a fresh one�察�so
     active were the men�察�and the horses so docile。;Livy�察�xxiii。 29。��

There are many horses trained to help their riders so as to run upon any
one�察�that appears with a drawn sword�察�to fall both with mouth and heels
upon any that front or oppose them�此�but it often happens that they do
more harm to their friends than to their enemies�察�and�察�moreover�察�you
cannot loose them from their hold�察�to reduce them again into order�察�when
they are once engaged and grappled�察�by which means you remain at the
mercy of their quarrel。  It happened very ill to Artybius�察�general of the
Persian army�察�fighting�察�man to man�察�with Onesilus�察�king of Salamis�察�to be
mounted upon a horse trained after this manner�察�it being the occasion of
his death�察�the squire of Onesilus cleaving the horse down with a scythe
betwixt the shoulders as it was reared up upon his master。  And what the
Italians report�察�that in the battle of Fornova�察�the horse of Charles
VIII。�察�with kicks and plunges�察�disengaged his master from the enemy that
pressed upon him�察�without which he had been slain�察�sounds like a very
great chance�察�if it be true。

     ��In the narrative which Philip de Commines has given of this battle��
     in which he himself was present ��lib。  viii。  ch。  6���察�he tells us
     of wonderful performances by the horse on which the king was
     mounted。  The name of the horse was Savoy�察�and it was the most
     beautiful horse he had ever seen。  During the battle the king was
     personally attacked�察�when he had nobody near him but a valet de
     chambre�察�a little fellow�察�and not well armed。  ;The king�察─�says
     Commines�察 �had the best horse under him in the world�察�and therefore
     he stood his ground bravely�察�till a number of his men�察�not a great
     way from him�察�arrived at the critical minute。;��

The Mamalukes make their boast that they have the most ready horses of
any cavalry in the world�察�that by nature and custom they were taught to
know and distinguish the enemy�察�and to fall foul upon them with mouth and
heels�察�according to a word or sign given�察�as also to gather up with their
teeth darts and lances scattered upon the field�察�and present them to
their riders�察�on the word of command。  'T is said�察�both of Caesar and
Pompey�察�that amongst their other excellent qualities they were both very
good horsemen�察�and particularly of Caesar�察�that in his youth�察�being
mounted on the bare back�察�without saddle or bridle�察�he could make the
horse run�察�stop�察�and turn�察�and perform all its airs�察�with his hands
behind him。  As nature designed to make of this person�察�and of Alexander��
two miracles of military art�察�so one would say she had done her utmost to
arm them after an extraordinary manner for every one knows that
Alexander's horse�察�Bucephalus�察�had a head inclining to the shape of a
bull�察�that he would suffer himself to be mounted and governed by none but
his master�察�and that he was so honoured after his death as to have a city
erected to his name。  Caesar had also one which had forefeet like those
of a man�察�his hoofs being divided in the form of fingers�察�which likewise
was not to be ridden�察�by any but Caesar himself�察�who�察�after his death��
dedicated his statue to the goddess Venus。

I do not willingly alight when I am once on horseback�察�for it is the
place where�察�whether well or sick�察�I find myself most at ease。  Plato
recommends it for health�察�as also Pliny says it is good for the stomach
and the joints。  Let us go further into this matter since here we are。

We read in Xenophon a law forbidding any one who was master of a horse to
travel on foot。  Trogus Pompeius and Justin say that the Parthians were
wont to perform all offices and ceremonies�察�not only in war but also all
affairs whether public or private�察�make bargains�察�confer�察�entertain�察�take
the air�察�and all on horseback�察�and that the greatest distinction betwixt
freemen and slaves amongst them was that the one rode on horseback and
the other went on foot�察�an institution of which King Cyrus was the
founder。

There are several examples in the Roman history ��and Suetonius more
particularly observes it of Caesar�� of captains who�察�on pressing
occasions�察�commanded their cavalry to alight�察�both by that means to take
from them all hopes of flight�察�as also for the advantage they hoped in
this sort of fight。

               ;Quo baud dubie superat Romanus�察�

     �А�Wherein the Roman does questionless excel。;Livy�察�ix。 22。��

says Livy。  And so the first thing they did to prevent the mutinies and
insurrections of nations of late conquest was to take from them their
arms and horses�察�and therefore it is that we so often meet in Caesar��

          ;Arma proferri�察�jumenta produci�察�obsides dari jubet。;

     �А�He commanded the arms to be produced�察�the horses brought out��
     hostages to be given。;De Bello Gall。�察�vii。 II。��

The Grand Signior to this day suffers not a Christian or a Jew to keep a
horse of his own throughout his empire。

Our ancestors�察�and especially at the time they had war with the English��
in all their greatest engagements and pitched battles fought for the most
part on foot�察�that they might have nothing but their own force�察�courage��
and constancy to trust to in a quarrel of so great concern as life and
honour。  You stake ��whatever Chrysanthes in Xenophon says to the
contrary�� your valour and your fortune upon that of your horse�察�his
wounds or death bring your person into the same danger�察�his fear or fury
shall make you reputed rash or cowardly�察�if he have an ill mouth or will
not answer to the spur�察�your honour must answer for it。  And�察�therefore��
I do not think it strange that those battles were more firm and furious
than those that are fought on horseback��

               ;Caedebant pariter�察�pariterque ruebant
          Victores victique�察�neque his fuga nota�察�neque illis。;

     �А�They fought and fell pell´mell�察�victors and vanquished�察�nor was
     flight thought of by either。;AEneid�察�x。 756。��

Their battles were much better disputed。  Nowadays there are nothing but
routs��

          ;Primus clamor atque impetus rem decernit。;

     �А�The first shout and charge decides the business。;Livy�察�xxv。 41。��

And the means we choose to make use of in so great a hazard should be as
much as possible at our own command�此�wherefore I should advise to choose
weapons of the shortest sort�察�and such of which we are able to give the
best account。  A man may repose more confidence in a sword he holds in
his hand than in a bullet he discharges out of a pistol�察�wherein there
must be a concurrence of several circumstances to make it perform its
office�察�the powder�察�the stone�察�and the wheel�此�if any of which fail it
endangers your fortune。  A man himself strikes much surer than the air
can direct his blow��

          ;Et�察�quo ferre velint�察�permittere vulnera ventis
          Ensis habet vires�察�et gens quaecumque virorum est��
          Bella gerit gladiis。;

     �А�And so where they choose to carry ��the arrows�В察�the winds allow
     the wounds�察�the sword has strength of arm�此�and whatever nation of
     men there is�察�they wage war with swords。;Lucan�察�viii。 384。��

But of that weapon I shall speak more fully when I come to compare the
arms of the ancients with those of modern use�察�only�察�by the way�察�the
astonishment of the ear abated�察�which every one grows familiar with in a
short time�察�I look upon it as a weapon of very little execution�察�and hope
we shall one day lay it aside。  That missile weapon which the Italians
formerly made use of both with fire and by sling was much more terrible��
they called a certain kind of javelin�察�armed at the point with an iron
three feet long�察�that it might pierce through and through an armed man��
Phalarica�察�which they sometimes in the field darted by hand�察�sometimes
from several sorts of engines for the defence of beleaguered places�察�the
shaft being rolled round with flax�察�wax�察�rosin�察�oil�察�and other
combustible matter�察�took fire in its flight�察�and lighting upon the body
of a man or his target�察�took away all the use of arms and limbs。  And
yet�察�coming to close fight�察�I should think they would also damage the
assailant�察�and that the camp being as it were planted with these flaming
truncheons�察�would produce a common inconvenience to the whole crowd��

          ;Magnum stridens contorta Phalarica venit��
          Fulminis acta modo。;

     �А�The Phalarica�察�launched like lightning�察�flies through
     the air with a loud rush
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