some considerations of the lowering of interest-第21部分

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But　supposing　that　having　a　mind　to　raise　your　Silver　in　respect　of　Gold；　you　make　a　Law　to　do　it；　what　comes　of　that？　If　your　Law　prevail；　only　this；　that　as　much　as　you　raise　Silver；　you　debase　Gold　（for　they　are　in　the　condition　of　two　things　put　in　opposite　Scales；　as　much　as　the　one　rises　the　other　falls）　and　then　your　Gold　will　be　carried　away；　with　so　much　clear　loss　to　the　kingdom　as　you　raise　Silver　and　debase　Gold　by　your　Law；　below　their　natural　value。　If　you　raise　Gold　in　proportion　to　Silver　the　same　effect　follows。　　　　　I　say；　Raise　Silver　in　respect　of　Gold；　and　Gold　in　proportion　to　Silver。　For　when　you　would　raise　the　value　of　Money；　phansie　what　you　will；　'tis　but　in　respect　of　something　you　would　change　it　for；　and　is　done　only　when　you　can　make　a　less　quantity　of　the　Metal；　which　your　Money　is　made　of；　change　for　a　greater　quantity　of　that　thing　which　you　would　raise　it　to。　　　　　The　effect　indeed　and　ill　consequence　of　raising　either　of　these　two　Metals；　in　respect　of　the　other　is　more　easily　observed　and　sooner　found　in　raising　Gold　than　Silver　Coin：　Because　your　accounts　being　kept；　and　your　reckonings　all　made　in　Pounds；　Shillings；　and　Pence；　which　are　denominations　of　Silver　Coins；　or　numbers　of　them；　if　Gold　be　made　current　at　a　rate　above　the　free　and　Market　value　of　those　two　Metals；　every　one　will　easily　perceive　the　inconvenience。　But　there　being　a　Law　for　it；　you　cannot　refuse　the　Gold　in　Payment　for　so　much。　And　all　the　Money　or　Bullion　People　will　carry　beyond　Sea　from　you；　will　be　in　Silver；　and　the　Money　or　Bullion　brought　in；　will　be　in　Gold。　And　the　same　just　will　happen　when　your　Silver　is　raised　and　Gold　debased　in　respect　of　one　another；　beyond　their　true　and　natural　proportion：　（Natural　proportion　or　value　I　call　that　respective　rate　they　find　any　where　without　the　prescription　of　Law）　For　then　Silver　will　be　that　which　is　brought　in；　and　Gold　will　be　carried　out；　and　that　still　with　loss　to　the　kingdom；　answerable　to　the　over…value；　set　by　the　Law。　Only　as　soon　as　the　mischief　is　felt；　people　will　（do　what　you　can）　raise　their　Gold　to　its　natural　value。　For　your　accounts　and　bargains　being　made　in　the　denomination　of　Silver…money；　if；　when　Gold　is　raised　above　its　proportion；　by　the　Law；　you　cannot　refuse　it　in　Payment　（as　if　the　Law　should　make　a　Guinea　current　at　22　s。　and　6　d。）　you　are　bound　to　take　it　at　that　rate　in　Payment。　But　if　the　Law　should　make　Guineas　current　at　20　s。　he　that　has　them　is　not　bound　to　Pay　them　away　at　that　rate；　but　may　keep　them　ifhe　pleases；　or　get　more　for　them　if　he　can：　Yet　from　such　a　Law；　one　ofthese　three　things　will　follow。　Either　1st；　the　Law　forces　them　to　go　at　20　s。　and　then　being　found　passing　at　that　rate；　Foreigners　make　their　advantage　of　it：　Or　2dly；　People　keep　them　up　and　will　not　part　with　them　at　the　legal　rate；　understanding　them　really　to　be　worth　more；　and　then　all　your　Gold　lies　dead；　and　is　of　no　more　use　to　Trade；　than　if　it　were　all　gone　out　of　the　kingdom：　Or　3dly；　It　passes　for　more　than　the　Law　allows；　and　then　your　Law　signifies　nothing；　and　had　been　better　let　alone。　Which　way　ever　it　succeeds　it　proves　either　prejudicial　or　ineffectual。　If　the　design　ofyour　Law　take　place；　the　kingdom　loses　by　it：　If　the　inconvenience　be　felt　and　avoided；　your　Law　is　eluded。　　　　　Money　is　the　measure　of　Commerce；　and　of　the　rate　of　every　thing；　and　therefore　ought　to　be　kept　（as　all　othermeasures）　as　steady　and　invariable　as　may　be。　But　this　cannot　be；　if　your　Money　be　made　of　two　Metals；　whose　proportion；　and　consequently　whose　price；　constantly　varies　in　respect　of　one　another。　Silver；　for　many　Reasons；　is　the　fittest　of　all　metals　to　be　this　measure；　and　therefore　generally　made　use　of　for　Money。　But　then　it　is　very　unfit　and　inconvenient；　that　Gold；　or　any　other　Metal；　should　be　made　current　Legal　Money；　at　a　standing　settled　Rate。　This　is　to　set　a　Rate　upon　the　varying　value　of　Things　by　Law；　which　justly　cannot　be　done；　and　is；　as　I　have　shewed；　as　far　as　it　prevails；　a　constant　damage　and　prejudice　to　the　Country；　where　it　is　practised。　Suppose　Fifteen　to　one　be　now　the　exact　Par　beween　Gold　and　Silver。　What　Law　can　make　it　lasting；　and　establish　it　so；　that　next　Year；　or　wenty　Years　hence；　this　shall　be　the　just　value　of　Gold　to　Silver；　and　that　one　Ounce　of　Gold　shall　be　just　worth　fifteen　Ounces　of　Silver；　neither　more　nor　less？　'Tis　possible；　the　East…India　Trade　sweeping　away　great　Sums　of　Gold；　may　make　it　scarcer　in　Europe。　Perhaps　the　Guinea　Trade；　and　Mines　of　Peru；　affording　it　in　greater　abundance；　may　make　it　more　plentiful；　and　so　its　value　in　respect　of　Silver；　come　on　the　one　side　to　be　as　sixteen；　or　on　the　other　as　fourteen　to　one。　And　can　any　Law　you　shall　make　alter　this　proportion　here；　when　it　is　so　every　where　else　round　about　you？　If　your　Law　set　it　at　fifteen；　when　it　is　at　the　free　Market　Rate；　in　the　Neighbouring　Countries；　as　sixteen　to　one；　Will　they　not　send　hither　their　Silver　to　fetch　away　your　Gold　at　One　sixteen　loss　to　you？　Or　if　you　will　keep　its　Rate　to　Silver；　as　fifteen　to　one；　when　in　Holland；　France；　and　Spain；　its　Market　value　is　but　fourteen；　Will　they　not　send　hither　their　Gold；　and　fetch　away　your　Silver　at　One　fifteen　loss　to　you？　This　is　unavoidable；　if　you　will　make　Money　of　both　Gold　and　Silver　at　the　same　time；　and　set　Rates　upon　them　by　Law　in　respect　of　one　another。　　　　　What　then？　（Will　you　be　ready　to　say）　would　you　have　Gold　kept　out　of　England？　Or　being　here；　would　you　have　it　useless　to　Trade；　and　must　there　be　no　Money　made　of　it？　I　answer；　Quite　the　contrary；　'Tis　fit　the　kingdom　should　make　use　of　the　Treasure　it　has。　'Tis　necessary　your　Gold　should　be　Coin'd；　and　have　the　king's　Stamp　upon　it　to　secure　Men；　in　receiving　it；　that　there　is　so　much　Gold　in　each　piece。　But　'tis　not　necessary　that　it　should　have　a　fixed　value　set　on　it　by　publick　Authority：　'Tis　not　convenient　that　it　should　in　its　varying　proportion　have　a　settled　price。　Let　Gold　as　other　Commodities；　find　its　own　Rate。　And　when；　by　the　king's　Image　and　Inscription；　it　carries　with　it　a　publick　Assurance　of　its　weight　and　fineness；　the　Gold　Money　so　Coin'd　will　never　fail　to　pass；　at　the　known　Market　Rate；　as　readily；　as　any　other　Species　of　your　Money。　Twenty　Guineas；　though　designed　at　first　for　20　l。　go　now　as　current　for　21　l。　10　s。　as　any　other　Money；　and　sometimes　for　more；　as　the　Rate　varies。　The　value　or　price　of　any　thing；　being　only　the　respective　estimate　it　bears　to　some　other；　which　it　comes　in　Competition　with；　can　only　be　known　by　the　quantity　of　the　one；　which　will　exchange　for　a　certain　quantity　of　the　other。　There　being　no　two　things　in　Nature；　whose　proportion；　and　use　does　not　vary；　'tis　impossible　to　set　a　standing　regular　price　between　them。　The　growing　plenty　or　scarcity　of　either　in　the　Market；　（whereby　I　mean　the　ordinary　places；　where　they　are　to　be　had　in　Traffick）　or　the　real　Use；　or　changing　fashion　of　the　place　bringing　either　of　them　more　into　demand　than　formerly；　presency　varies　the　respective　value　of　any　two　Things。　You　will　as　fruiCesly　endeavour　to　keep　two　different　Things　steadily　at　the　same　price　one　with　another；　as　to　keep　two　Things　in　an　AEquilibrium；　where　their　varying　weights；　depend　on　different　Causes。　Put　a　piece　of　Spunge　in　one　Scale；　and　an　exact　counterpoise　of　Silver　in　the　other；　you　will　be　mightily　mistaken　if　you　imagine；　that　because　they　are　to　day　equal；　they　shall　always　remain　so。　The　weight　of　the　Spunge　varying　with　every　change　of　moisture。　in　the　Air；　the　Silver　in　the　opposite　Scale　will　sometimes　Rise　and　sometimes　Fall。　This　is　just　the　State　of　Silver　and　Gold　in　regard　of　their　mutual　value。　Their　proportion；　or　use；　may；　nay　constancy　does　vary；　and　with　it　their　price。　For　being　estimated　one　in　Reference　to　the　other；　they　are　as　it　were　put　in　opposite　Scales；　and　as　the　one　rises　the　other　falls；　and　so　on　the　contrary。　　　　　Farthings　made　of　a　baser　Metal；　may　on　this　account　too　deserve　your　Consideration。　For　whatsoever　Coin　you　make　current；　above　the　Intrinsick　value；　will　always　be　dammage　to　the　Publick；　whoever　get　by　it。　But　of　this　I　shall　not　at　present　enter　into　a　more　particular　Enquiry。　Only　this　I　will　confidently　affirm；　That　it　is　the　Interest　ofevery　Country；　that　all　the　current　Money　of　it　should　be　of　one　and　the　same　Metal；　That　the　several　Species　should　be　all　of　the　same　Alloy；　and　none　of　a　baser　mixture：　And　that　the　Standard　once　thus　settled；　should　be　Inviolably　and　Immutably　kept　to　perpetuity。　For　whenever　that　is　alter'd；　upon　what　pretence　soever；　the　Publick　will　lose　by　it。　　　　　Since　then　it　will　neither　bring　us　in　more　Money；　Bullion；　nor　Trade；　nor　keep　that　we　have　here；　nor　hinder　our　weighty　Money；　of　what　Denomination　soever；　from　being　melted；　to　what　purpose　should　the　kingdom　be　at　the　charge　of　Coining　all　our　Money　a…new？　For　I　do　not　suppose　any　Body　can　propose；　that　we　should　have　two　sorts　of　Money　at　the　same　time；　one　heavier；　and　the　other　lighter；　as　it　comes　from　the　Mint。　That　is　very　absurd　to　imagine。　So　that　if　all　your　old　Money　must　be　Coin'd　over　again；　it　will　indeed　be　some　advantage；　and　that　a　very　considerable　one；　to　the　Officers　of　the　Mint。　For　they　being　allow'd　Sixteen　pence　half…penny　for　the　Coinage　of　every　Pound　Troy；　which　is　very　near　Five　and　an　half　per　Cent。　If　our　Money　be　Six　Millions；　and　must　be　Coin'd　all　over　again；　it　will　cost　the　Nation　to　the　Mint　One　hundred　thirty　thousand　pounds。　If　the　clip'd　Money　must　scape；　because　it　is　already　as　light　as　your　new　Standard；　do　you　not　own　that　this　design　of　new　Coinage　is　just　of　the　Nature　of　Clipping？　　　　　This　business　of　Money　and　Coinage　is　by　some　Men；　and　amongst　them　some　very　Ingenious　Persons；　thought　a　great　Mystery；　and　very　hard　to　be　understood。　Not　that　truly　in　it　self　it　is　so：　But　because　interessed　People　that　treat　of　it；　wrap　up　the　Secret　they　make　advantage　of　in　mystical；　obscure；　and　unintelligible　ways　of　Talking；　Which　Men；　from　a　preconceiv'd　opinion　of　the　difficulty　of　the　subject；　taking　for　Sense；　in　a　matter　not　easie　to　be　penetrated；　but　by　the　Men　of　Art；　let　pass　for　Current　without　Examination。　Whereas；　would　they　look　into　those　Discourses；　enquire　what　meaning　their　Words　have；　the