memoirs of napoleon bonaparte, v11-第14部分

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Government。　　Davoust　was　at　its　head。　　On　his　arrival　he　had　established
in　the　Duchy　of　Mecklenburg；　in　Swedish　Pomerania；　and　in　Stralsund；　the
capital　of　that　province；　military　posts　and　custom…houses；　and　that　in　a
time　of　profound　peace　with　those　countries；　and　without　any　previous
declaration。　　The　omnipotence　of　Napoleon；　and　the　terror　inspired　by　the
name　of　Davoust；　overcame　all　obstacles　which　might　have　opposed　those
iniquitous　usurpations。　　The　weak　were　forced　to　yield　to　the　strong。

At　Hamburg　a　Government　Committee　was　formed；　consisting　of　the　Prince　of
Eekmuhl　as　President；　Comte　de　Chaban；　Councillor　of　State；　who
superintended　the　departments　of　the　Interior　and　Finance；　and　of　M。
Faure；　Councillor　of　State；　who　was　appointed　to　form　and　regulate　the
Courts　of　Law。　　I　had　sometimes　met　M。　de　Chaban　at　Malmaison。　　He　was
distantly　related　to　Josephine；　and　had　formerly　been　an　officer　in　the
French　Guards。　　He　was　compelled　to　emigrate；　having　been　subjected　to
every　species　of　persecution　during　the　Revolution。

M。　de　Chaban　was　among　the　first　of　the　emigrants　who　returned　to　France
after　the　18th　Brumaire。　　He　was　at　first　made　Sub…Prefect　of　Vendome；
but　on　the　union　of　Tuscany　with　France　Napoleon　created　him　a　member　of
the　Junta　appointed　to　regulate　the　affairs　of　Tuscany。　　He　next　became
Prefect　of　Coblentz　and　Brussels；　was　made　a　Count　by　Bonaparte；　and　was
afterwards　chosen　a　member　of　the　Government　Committee　at　Hamburg。　　M。　de
Chaban　was　a　man　of　upright　principles；　and　he　discharged　his　various
functions　in　a　way　that　commanded　esteem　and　attachment。

　　　　　＇I　recollect　an　anecdote　which　but　too　well　depicts　those
　　　　　disastrous　times。　　The　Comte　de　Chaban；　being　obliged　to　cross
　　　　　France　during　the　Reign　of　Terror；　was　compelled　to　assume　a；
　　　　　disguise。　　He　accordingly　provided　himself　with　a　smockfrock；　a　cart
　　　　　and　horses；　and　a　load　of　corn。　　In　this　manner　he　journeyed　from
　　　　　place　to　place　till　he　reached　the　frontiers。　　He　stopped　at
　　　　　Rochambeau；　in　the　Vendomais；　where　he　was　recognised　by　the　Marshal
　　　　　de　Rochambeau；　who　to　guard　against　exciting　any　suspicion　among…
　　　　　his　servants；　treated　him　as　if　he　had　really　been　a　carman　and　said
　　　　　to　him；　〃You　may　dine　in　the　kitchen。〃Bourrienne。＇

The　Hanseatic　Towns；　united　to　the　Grand　Empire　professedly　for　their
welfare；　soon　felt　the　blessings　of　the　new　organisation　of　a
regenerating　Government。　　They　were　at　once　presented　with；　the　stamp…
duty；　registration；　the　lottery；　the　droits　reunis；　the　tax　on　cards；　and
the　'octroi'。　　This　prodigality　of　presents　caused；　as　we　may　be　sure；
the　most　lively　gratitude；　a　tax　for　military　quarters　and　for　warlike
supplies　was　imposed；　but　this　did　not　relieve　any　one　from　laving　not
only　officers　and　soldiers；　but　even　all　the　chiefs　of　the　administration
and　their　officials　billeted　on　them：　The　refineries；　breweries；　and
manufactures　of　all　sorts　were　suppressed。　　The　cash　chests　of　the
Admiralty；　of　the　charity　houses；　of　the　manufactures；　of　the　savings…
banks；　of　the　working　classes；　the　funds　of　the　prisons；　the　relief　meant
for　the　infirm；　the　chests　of　the　refuges；　orphanages；　and　of　the
hospitals；　were　all　seized。

More　than　200；000　men；　Italian；　Dutch；　and　French　soldiers　came　in　turn
to　stay　there；　but　only　to　be　clothed　and　shod；　and　then　they　left　newly
clothed　from　head　to　foot。　　To　leave　nothing　to　be　wished　for；　Davoust；
from　1812；　established　military　commissions　in　all　the　thirty…second。
military　division；　before　he　entered　upon　the　Russian　campaign。　　To
complete　these　oppressive　measures　he　established　at　the　same　time　the
High　Prevotal　Court　of　the　Customs。　　It　was　at　this　time　that　M。　Eudes；
the　director　of　the　ordinary　customs；　a　strict　but　just　man；　said　that
the　rule　of　the　ordinary　customs　would　be　regretted；　〃for　till　now　you
have　only　been　on　roses。。〃　　The　professed　judgments　of　this　court　were
executed　without　appeal　and　without　delay。　　From　what　I　have　just　said
the　situation　and　the　misery　of　the　north　of　Germany；　and　the　consequent
discontent；　can　be　judged。

During　my　stay　in　Hamburg；　which　on　this　occasion　was　not　very　long；
Napoleon's　attention　was　particularly　engaged　by　the　campaign　of
Portugal；　and　his　discussions　with　the　Pope。　　At　this　period　the
thunderbolts　of　Rome　were　not　very　alarming。　　Yet　precautions　were　taken
to　keep　secret　the　excommunication　which　Pius　VII。　　had　pronounced
against　Napoleon。　　The　event；　however；　got　reported　about；　and　a　party　in
favour　of　the　Pope　speedily　rose　up　among　the　clergy；　and　more
particularly　among　the　fanatics。　　Napoleon　sent　to　Savona　the　Archbishops
of　Nantes；　Bourges；　Treves；　and　Tours；　to　endeavour　to　bring　about　a
reconciliation　with　His　Holiness。　　But　all　their　endeavours　were
unavailing；　and　after　staying　a　month　at　Savona　they　returned　to　Paris
without　having　done　anything。　　But　Napoleon　was　not　discouraged　by　this
first　disappointment；　and　he　shortly　afterwards　sent　a　second　deputation；
which　experienced　the　same　fate　as　the　first。　　Cardinal　Fesch；　Napoleon's
uncle；　took　part　with　the　Pope。　　For　this　fact　I　can　vouch；　though　I
cannot　for　an　answer　which　he　is　said　to　have　made　to　the　Emperor。　　I
have　been　informed　that　when　Napoleon　was　one　day　speaking　to　his　uncle
about　the　Pope's　obstinacy　the　Cardinal　made　some　observations　to　him　on
his　（Bonaparte's）　conduct　to　the　Holy　Father；　upon　which　Napoleon　flew
into　a　passion；　and　said　that　the　Pope　and　he　were　two　old　fools。
〃As　for　the　Pope；〃　said　he；　〃he　is　too　obstinate　to　listen　to　anything。
No；　I　am　determined　he　shall　never　have　Rome　again　。　　。　　。　　。　　He　will
not　remain　at　Savona；　and　where　does　he　wish　I　should　send　him？〃〃To
Heaven；　perhaps；〃　replied　the　Cardinal。

The　truth　is；　the　Emperor　was　violently　irritated　against　Pius　VII。
Observing　with　uneasiness　the　differences　and　difficulties　to　which　all
these　dissensions　gave　rise；　he　was　anxious　to　put　a　stop　to　them。　　As
the　Pope　would　not　listen　to　any　propositions　that　were　made　to　him；
Napoleon　convoked　a　Council；　which　assembled　in　Paris；　and　at　which
several　Italian　Bishops　were　present。　　The　Pope　insisted　that　the
temporal　and　spiritual　interests　should　be　discussed　together；　and；
however　disposed　a　certain　number　of　prelates；　particularly　the　Italians；
might　be　to　separate　these　two　points　of　discussion；　yet　the　influence　of
the　Church　and　well…contrived　intrigues　gradually　gave　preponderance　to
the　wishes　of　the　Pope。　　The　Emperor；　having　discovered　that　a　secret
correspondence　was　carried　on　by　several　of　the　Bishops　and　Archbishops
who　had　seats　in　the　Council；　determined　to　get　rid　of　some　of　them；　and
the　Bishops　of　Ghent；　Troyes；　Tournay；　and　Toulouse　were　arrested　and
sent　to　Vincennes。　　They　were　superseded　by　others。　　He　wished　to
dissolve　the　Council；　which　he　saw　was　making　no　advance　towards　the
object　he　had　in　view；　and；　fearing　that　it　might　adopt　some　act　at
variance　with　his　supreme　wish；　every　member　of　the　Council　was
individually　required　to　make　a　declaration　that　the　proposed　changes
were　conformable　to　the　laws　of　the　Church。　　It　was　said　at　the　time　that
they　were　unanimous　in　this　individual　declaration；　though　it　is　certain
that　in　the　sittings　of　the　Council　opinions　were　divided。　　I　know　not
what　His　Holiness　thought　of　these　written　opinions　compared　with　the
verbal　opinions　that　had　been　delivered；　but　certain　it　is　though　still　a
captive　at　Savona；　he　refused　to　adhere　to　the　concessions　granted　in　the
secret　declarations。

The　conflicts　which　took　place　in　Spain　during　the　year　1811　were
unattended　by　any　decisive　results。　　Some　brilliant　events；　indeed；
attested　the　courage　of　our　troops　and　the　skill　of　our　generals。　　Such
were　the　battle　of　Albufera　and　the　taking　of　Tarragona；　while　Wellington
was　obliged　to　raise　the　siege　of　Badajoz。　　These　advantages；　which　were
attended　only　by　glory；　encouraged　Napoleon　in　the　hope　of　triumphing　in
the　Peninsula；　and　enabled　him　to　enjoy　the　brilliant　fetes　which　took
place　at　Paris　in　celebration　of　the　birth　of　the　King　of　Rome。

On　his　return　from　a　tour　in　Holland　at　the　end　of　October　Napoleon
clearly　saw　that　a　rupture　with　Russia　was　inevitable。　　In　vain　he　sent
Lauriston　as　Ambassador　to　St。　Petersburg　to　supersede　Caulaincourt；　who
would　no　longer　remain　there：　all　the　diplomatic　skill　in　the　world　could
effect　nothing　with　a　powerful　Government　which　had　already　formed　its
determination。　　All　the　Cabinets　in　Europe　were　now　unanimous　in　wishing
for　the　overthrow　of　Napoleon's　power；　and　the　people　no　less；　ardently
wished　for　an　order　of　things　less　fatal　to　their　trade　and　industry。　　In
the　state　to　which　Europe　was　reduced　no　one　could　counteract　the　wish　of
Russia　and　her　allies　to　go　to　war　with　FranceLauriston　no　more　than
Caulaincourt。

The　war　for　which　Napoleon　was　now　obliged　to　prepare　forced　him　to
neglect　Spain；　and　to　leave　his　interests　in　that　country　in　a　state　of
real　danger。　　Indeed；　his　occupation　of　Spain　and　his　well…known　wish　to
maintain　himself　there　were　additional　motives　for　inducing　the　powers　of
Europe　to　enter　upon　a　war　which　would　necessarily　divide　Napoleon's
forces。　　All　at　once　the　troops　which　were　in　Italy　and　the　north　of
Germany　moved　towards　the　frontiers　of　the　Russian　Empire。　　From　March
1811　the　Emperor　had　all　the　military　forces　of　Europe　at　his　disposal。
It　was　curious　to　see　this　union　of　nations；　distinguished　by　difference
of　manners；

　　　　　＇It　should　be　remarked　that　Napoleon　was　far　from　being　anxious
　　　　　for　the　war　with　Russia。　　Metternich　writing　on　26th　March　1811；
　　　　　says　〃Everything　seems　to　indicate　that　the　Emperor　Napoleon　is　at
　　　　　present　still　far　from　desiring　a　war　with　Russia。　　But　it　is　not
　　　　　less　true　that　the　Emperor　Alexander　has　given　himself　over；　'nolens
　　　　　volens'；　to　the　war　party；　and　that　he　will　bring　about　war；　because
　　　　　the　time　is　approaching　when　he　will　no　longer　be　able　to　resist　the
　　　　　reaction　of　the　party　in　the　internal　affairs　of　his　Empire；　or　the
　　　　　temper　of　his　army。　　The　contest　between　Count　Romanzov　and　the
　　　　　party　opposed　to　that　Mini