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   BOOK II�此�OF THE RELIGIONS OF THE UTOPIANS







      THERE are several sorts of religions�察�not only in different parts 


      of the island�察�but even in every town�察�some worshipping the sun�察�


      others the moon or one of the planets�此�some worship such men as 


      have been eminent in former times for virtue or glory�察�not only as 


      ordinary deities�察�but as the supreme God�此�yet the greater and 


      wiser sort of them worship none of these�察�but adore one eternal�察�


      invisible�察�infinite�察�and incomprehensible Deity�察�as a being that 


      is far above all our apprehensions�察�that is spread over the whole 


      universe�察�not by His bulk�察�but by His power and virtue�察�Him they 


      call the Father of All�察�and acknowledge that the beginnings�察�the 


      increase�察�the progress�察�the vicissitudes�察�and the end of all 


      things come only from Him�察�nor do they offer divine honors to any 


      but to Him alone。 And indeed�察�though they differ concerning other 


      things�察�yet all agree in this�察�that they think there is one 


      Supreme Being that made and governs the world�察�whom they call in 


      the language of their country Mithras。 They differ in this�察�that 


      one thinks the god whom he worships is this Supreme Being�察�and 


      another thinks that his idol is that God�察�but they all agree in 


      one principle�察�that whoever is this Supreme Being�察�He is also that 


      great Essence to whose glory and majesty all honors are ascribed 


      by the consent of all nations。





      By degrees�察�they fall off from the various superstitions that are 


      among them�察�and grow up to that one religion that is the best and 


      most in request�察�and there is no doubt to be made but that all the 


      others had vanished long ago�察�if some of those who advised them to 


      lay aside their superstitions had not met with some unhappy 


      accident�察�which being considered as inflicted by heaven�察�made them 


      afraid that the God whose worship had like to have been abandoned�察�


      had interposed�察�and revenged themselves on those who despised 


      their authority。 After they had heard from us an account of the 


      doctrine�察�the course of life�察�and the miracles of Christ�察�and of 


      the wonderful constancy of so many martyrs�察�whose blood�察�so 


      willingly offered up by them�察�was the chief occasion of spreading 


      their religion over a vast number of nations�察�it is not to be 


      imagined how inclined they were to receive it。 I shall not 


      determine whether this proceeded from any secret inspiration of 


      God�察�or whether it was because t seemed so favorable to that 


      community of goods�察�which is an opinion so particular as well as 


      so dear to them�察�since they perceived that Christ and his 


      followers lived by that rule and that it was still kept up in some 


      communities among the sincerest sort of Christians。 From 


      whichsoever of these motives it might be�察�true it is that many of 


      them came over to our religion�察�and were initiated into it by 


      baptism。 But as two of our number were dead�察�so none of the four 


      that survived were in priest's orders�察�we therefore could only 


      baptize them�察�so that to our great regret they could not partake 


      of the other sacraments�察�that can only be administered by priests�察�


      but they are instructed concerning them�察�and long most vehemently 


      for them。 They have had great disputes among themselves�察�whether 


      one chosen by them to be a priest would not be thereby qualified 


      to do all the things that belong to that character�察�even though he 


      had no authority derived from the Pope�察�and they seemed to be 


      resolved to choose some for that employment�察�but they had not done 


      it when I left them。





      Those among them that have not received our religion�察�do not 


      fright any from it�察�and use none ill that goes over to it�察�so that 


      all the while I was there�察�one man was only punished on this 


      occasion。 He being newly baptized�察�did�察�notwithstanding all that 


      we could say to the contrary�察�dispute publicly concerning the 


      Christian religion with more zeal than discretion�察�and with so 


      much heat�察�that he not only preferred our worship to theirs�察�but 


      condemned all their rites as profane�察�and cried out against all 


      that adhered to them�察�as impious and sacrilegious persons�察�that 


      were to be damned to everlasting burnings。 Upon his having 


      frequently preached in this manner�察�he was seized�察�and after trial 


      he was condemned to banishment�察�not for having disparaged their 


      religion�察�but for his inflaming the people to sedition�此�for this 


      is one of their most ancient laws�察�that no man ought to be 


      punished for his religion。 At the first constitution of their 


      government�察�Utopus having understood that before his coming among 


      them the old inhabitants had been engaged in great quarrels 


      concerning religion�察�by which they were so divided among 


      themselves�察�that he found it an easy thing to conquer them�察�since 


      instead of uniting their forces against him�察�every different party 


      in religion fought by themselves�察�after he had subdued them�察�he 


      made a law that every man might be of what religion he pleased�察�


      and might endeavor to draw others to it by force of argument�察�and 


      by amicable and modest ways�察�but without bitterness against those 


      of other opinions�察�but that he ought to use no other force but 


      that of persuasion�察�and was neither to mix with it reproaches nor 


      violence�察�and such as did otherwise were to be condemned to 


      banishment or slavery。





      This law was made by Utopus�察�not only for preserving the public 


      peace�察�which he saw suffered much by daily contentions and 


      irreconcilable heats�察�but because he thought the interest of 


      religion itself required it。 He judged it not fit to determine 


      anything rashly�察�and seemed to doubt whether those different forms 


      of religion might not all come from God�察�who might inspire men in 


      a different manner�察�and be pleased with this variety�察�he therefore 


      thought it indecent and foolish for any man to threaten and 


      terrify another to make him believe what did not appear to him to 


      be true。 And supposing that only one religion was really true�察�and 


      the rest false�察�he imagined that the native force of truth would 


      at last break forth and shine bright�察�if supported only by the 


      strength of argument�察�and attended to with a gentle and 


      unprejudiced mind�察�while�察�on the other hand�察�if such debates were 


      carried on with violence and tumults�察�as the most wicked are 


      always the most obstinate�察�so the best and most holy religion 


      might be choked with superstition�察�as corn is with briars and 


      thorns。





      He therefore left men wholly to their liberty�察�that they might be 


      free to believe as they should see cause�察�only he made a solemn 


      and severe law against such as should so far degenerate from the 


      dignity of human nature as to think that our souls died with our 


      bodies�察�or that the world was governed by chance�察�without a wise 


      overruling Providence�此�for they all formerly believed that there 


      was a state of rewards and punishments to the good and bad after 


      this life�察�and they now look on those that think otherwise as 


      scarce fit to be counted men�察�since they degrade so noble a being 


      as the soul�察�and reckon it no better than a beast's�此�thus they are 


      far from looking on such men as fit for human society�察�or to be 


      citizens of a well´ordered commonwealth�察�since a man of such 


      principles must needs�察�as oft as he dares do it�察�despise all their 


      laws and customs�此�for there is no doubt to be made that a man who 


      is afraid of nothing but the law�察�and apprehends nothing after 


      death�察�will not scruple to break through all the laws of his 


      country�察�either by fraud or force�察�when by this means he may 


      satisfy his appetites。 They never raise any that hold these 


      maxims�察�either to honors or offices�察�nor employ them in any public 


      trust�察�but despise them�察�as men of base and sordid minds�此�yet they 


      do not punish them�察�because they lay this down as a maxim that a 


      man cannot make himself believe anything he pleases�察�nor do they 


      drive any to dissemble their thoughts by threatenings�察�so that men 


      are not tempted to lie or disguise their opinions�察�which being a 


      sort of fraud�察�is abhorred by the Utopians。 They take care indeed 


      to prevent their disputing in defence of these opinions�察�


      especially before the common people�察�but they suffer�察�and even 


      encourage them to dispute concerning them in private with their 


      priests and other grave men�察�being confident that they will be 


      cured of those mad opinions by having reason laid before them。





      There are many among them that run far to the other extreme�察�


      though it is neither thought an ill nor unreasonable opinion�察�and 


      therefore is not at all discouraged。 They think that the souls of 


      beasts are immortal�察�though far inferior to the dignity of the 


      human soul�察�and not capable of so great a happiness。 They are 


      almost all of them very firmly persuaded that good men will be 


      infinitely happy in another state�察�so that though they are 


      compassionate t
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