lysander-第3部分

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commanders'　want　of　skill；　as　far　as　possible　from　any　thought　of　what
was　to　happen；　and　the　enemy　now　coming　up　with　shouts　and　noise；
Conon；　with　eight　ships；　sailed　out；　and　making　his　escape；　passed
from　thence　to　Cyprus；　to　Evagoras。　The　Peloponnesians　falling　upon
the　rest；　some　they　took　quite　empty；　and　some　they　destroyed　while
they　were　filling；　the　men；　meantime　coming　unarmed　and　scattered　to
help；　died　at　their　ships；　or；　flying　by　land；　were　slain；　their
enemies　disembarking　and　pursuing　them。　Lysander　took　three　thousand
prisoners；　with　the　generals；　and　the　whole　fleet；　excepting　the
sacred　ship　Paralus；　and　those　which　fled　with　Conon。　So　taking
their　ships　in　tow；　and　having　plundered　their　tents；　with　pipe　and
songs　of　victory；　he　sailed　back　to　Lampsacus；　having　accomplished　a
great　work　with　small　pains；　and　having　finished　in　one　hour　a　war
which　had　been　protracted　in　its　continuance；　and　diversified　in　its
incidents　and　in　its　fortunes；　to　a　degree　exceeding　belief；
compared　with　all　before　it。　After　altering　its　shape　and　character
a　thousand　times；　and　after　having　been　the　destruction　of　more
commanders　than　all　the　previous　wars　of　Greece　put　together；　it　was
now　put　an　end　to　by　the　good　counsel　and　ready　conduct　of　one　man。
　　Some；　therefore；　looked　upon　the　result　as　a　divine　intervention；
and　there　were　certain　who　affirmed　that　the　stars　of　Castor　and
Pollux　were　seen　on　each　side　of　Lysander's　ship；　when　he　first　set
sail　from　the　haven　toward　his　enemies；　shining　about　the　helm；　and
some　say　the　stone　which　fell　down　was　a　sign　of　this　slaughter。　For　a
stone　of　a　great　size　did　fall；　according　to　the　common　belief；　from
heaven；　at　Aegos　Potami；　which　is　shown　to　this　day；　and　held　in　great
esteem　by　the　Chersonites。　And　it　is　said　that　Anaxagoras　foretold
that　the　occurrence　of　a　slip　or　shake　among　the　bodies　fixed　in　the
heavens；　dislodging　any　one　of　them；　would　be　followed　by　the　fall
of　the　whole　of　them。　For　no　one　of　the　stars　is　now　in　the　same　place
in　which　it　was　at　first；　for　they；　being；　according　to　him；　like
stones　and　heavy；　shine　by　the　refraction　of　the　upper　air　round　about
them；　and　are　carried　along　forcibly　by　the　violence　of　the　circular
motion　by　which　they　were　originally　withheld　from　falling；　when
cold　and　heavy　bodies　were　first　separated　from　the　general
universe。　But　there　is　a　more　probable　opinion　than　this　maintained　by
some；　who　say　that　falling　stars　are　no　effluxes；　nor　discharges　of
ethereal　fire；　extinguished　almost　at　the　instant　of　its　igniting　by
the　lower　air；　neither　are　they　the　sudden　combustion　and　blazing　up
of　a　quantity　of　the　lower　air　let　loose　in　great　abundance　into　the
upper　region；　but　the　heavenly　bodies；　by　a　relaxation　of　the　force　of
their　circular　movement；　are　carried　by　an　irregular　course；　not　in
general　into　the　inhabited　part　of　the　earth；　but　for　the　most　part
into　the　wide　sea；　which　is　the　cause　of　their　not　being　observed。
Daimachus；　in　his　treatise　on　Religion；　supports　the　view　of
Anaxagoras。　He　says；　that　before　this　stone　fell；　for　seventy…five
days　continually；　there　was　seen　in　the　heavens　a　vast　fiery　body；
as　if　it　had　been　a　flaming　cloud；　not　resting；　but　carried　about　with
several　intricate　and　broken　movements；　so　that　the　flaming　pieces；
which　were　broken　off　by　this　commotion　and　running　about；　were
carried　in　all　directions；　shining　as　falling　stars　do。　But　when　it
afterwards　came　down　to　the　ground　in　this　district；　and　the　people　of
the　place　recovering　from　their　fear　and　astonishment　came　together；
there　was　no　fire　to　be　seen；　neither　any　sign　of　it；　there　was　only　a
stone　lying；　big　indeed；　but　which　bore　no　proportion；　to　speak　of；　to
that　fiery　compass。　It　is　manifest　that　Daimachus　needs　to　have
indulgent　hearers；　but　if　what　he　says　be　true；　he　altogether　proves
those　to　be　wrong　who　say　that　a　rock　broken　off　from　the　top　of
some　mountain；　by　winds　and　tempests；　and　caught　and　whirled　about
like　a　top；　as　soon　as　this　impetus　began　to　slacken　and　cease；　was
precipitated　and　fell　to　the　ground。　Unless；　indeed；　we　choose　to
say　that　the　phenomenon　which　was　observed　for　so　many　days　was　really
fire；　and　that　the　change　in　the　atmosphere　ensuing　on　its
extinction　was　attended　with　violent　winds　and　agitations；　which　might
be　the　cause　of　this　stone　being　carried　off。　The　exacter　treatment　of
this　subject　belongs；　however；　to　a　different　kind　of　writing。
　　Lysander；　after　the　three　thousand　Athenians　whom　he　had　taken
prisoners　were　condemned　by　the　commissioners　to　die；　called　Philocles
the　general；　and　asked　him　what　punishment　he　considered　himself　to
deserve；　for　having　advised　the　citizens；　as　he　had　done；　against
the　Greeks；　but　he；　being　nothing　cast　down　at　his　calamity；　bade
him　not　to　accuse　him　of　matters　of　which　nobody　was　a　judge；　but　to
do　to　him；　now　he　was　a　conqueror；　as　he　would　have　suffered；　had　he
been　overcome。　Then　washing　himself；　and　putting　on　a　fine　cloak；　he
led　the　citizens　the　way　to　the　slaughter；　as　Theophrastus　writes　in
his　history。　After　this　Lysander；　sailing　about　to　the　various　cities；
bade　all　the　Athenians　he　met　go　into　Athens；　declaring　that　he
would　spare　none；　but　kill　every　man　whom　he　found　out　of　the　city；
intending　thus　to　cause　immediate　famine　and　scarcity　there；　that　they
might　not　make　the　siege　laborious　to　him；　having　provisions
sufficient　to　endure　it。　And　suppressing　the　popular　governments　and
all　other　constitutions；　he　left　one　Lacedaemonian　chief　officer　in
every　city；　with　ten　rulers　to　act　with　him；　selected　out　of　the
societies　which　he　had　previously　formed　in　the　different　towns。　And
doing　thus　as　well　in　the　cities　of　his　enemies　as　of　his
associates；　he　sailed　leisurely　on；　establishing；　in　a　manner；　for
himself　supremacy　over　the　whole　of　Greece。　Neither　did　he　make　choice
of　rulers　by　birth　or　by　wealth；　but　bestowed　the　offices　on　his　own
friends　and　partisans；　doing　everything　to　please　them；　and　putting
absolute　power　of　reward　and　punishment　into　their　hands。　And　thus；
personally　appearing　on　many　occasions　of　blood…shed　and　massacre；　and
aiding　his　friends　to　expel　their　opponents；　he　did　not　give　the
Greeks　a　favourable　specimen　of　the　Lacedaemonian　government；　and
the　expression　of　Theopompus；　the　comic　poet；　seemed　but　poor；　when　he
compared　the　Lacedaemonians　to　tavern　women；　because　when　the　Greeks
had　first　tasted　the　sweet　wine　of　liberty；　they　then　poured　vinegar
into　the　cup；　for　from　the　very　first　it　had　a　rough　and　bitter　taste；
all　government　by　the　people　being　suppressed　by　Lysander；　and　the
boldest　and　least　scrupulous　of　the　oligarchical　party　selected　to
rule　the　cities。
　　Having　spent　some　little　time　about　these　things；　and　sent　some
before　to　Lacedaemon　to　tell　them　he　was　arriving　with　two　hundred
ships；　he　united　his　forces　in　Attica　with　those　of　the　two　kings　Agis
and　Pausanias；　hoping　to　take　the　city　without　delay。　But　when　the
Athenians　defended　themselves；　he　with　his　fleet　passed　again　to　Asia；
and　in　like　manner　destroyed　the　forms　of　government　in　all　the
other　cities；　and　placed　them　under　the　rule　of　ten　chief　persons；
many　in　every　one　being　killed；　and　many　driven　into　exile；　and　in
Samos　he　expelled　the　whole　people；　and　gave　their　cities　to　the
exiles　whom　he　brought　back。　And　the　Athenians　still　possessing
Sestos；　he　took　it　from　them；　and　suffered　not　the　Sestians　themselves
to　dwell　in　it；　but　gave　the　city　and　country　to　be　divided　out
among　the　pilots　and　masters　of　the　ships　under　him；　which　was　his
first　act　that　was　disallowed　by　the　Lacedaemonians；　who　brought　the
Sestians；　back　again　into　their　country。　All　Greece；　however；　rejoiced
to　see　the　Aeginetans；　by　Lysander's　aid；　now　again；　after　a　long
time；　receiving　back　their　cities；　and　the　Melians　and　Scionaeans
restored；　while　the　Athenians　were　driven　out；　and　delivered　up　the
cities。
　　But　when　he　now　understood　they　were　in　bad　case　in　the　city　because
of　the　famine；　he　sailed　to　Piraeus；　and　reduced　the　city；　which　was
compelled　to　surrender　on　what　conditions　he　demanded。　One　hears　it
said　by　Lacedaemonians　that　Lysander　wrote　to　the　Ephors　thus：　〃Athens
is　taken；〃　and　that　these　magistrates　wrote　back　to　Lysander；　〃Taken
is　enough。〃　But　this　saying　was　invented　for　its　neatness'　sake；　for
the　true　decree　of　the　magistrates　was　on　this　manner：　〃The　government
of　the　Lacedaemonians　has　made　these　orders；　pull　down　the　Piraeus　and
the　long　walls；　quit　all　the　towns；　and　keep　to　your　own　land；　if
you　do　these　things；　you　shall　have　peace；　if　you　wish　it；　restoring
also　your　exiles。　As　concerning　the　number　of　the　ships；　whatsoever
there　be　judged　necessary　to　appoint；　that　do。〃　This　scroll　of
conditions　the　Athenians　accepted；　Theramenes；　son　of　Hagnon；
supporting　it。　At　which　time；　too；　they　say　that　when　Cleomenes；　one
of　the　young　orators；　asked　him　how　he　durst　act　and　speak　contrary　to
Themistocles；　delivering　up　the　walls　to　the　Lacedaemonians；　which
he　had　built　against　the　will　of　the　Lacedaemonians；　he　said；　〃O　young
man；　I　do　nothing　contrary　to　Themistocles；　for　he　raised　these
walls　for　the　safety　of　the　citizens；　and　we　pull　them　down　for
their　safety；　and　if　walls　make　a　city　happy；　then　Sparta　must　be
the　most　wretched　of　all；　as　it　has　none。〃
　　Lysander；　as　soon　as　he　had　taken　all　the　ships　except　twelve；　and
the　walls　of　the　Athenians；　on　the　sixteenth　day　of　the　month
Munychion；　the　same　on　which　they　had　overcome　the　barbarians　at
Salamis；　then　proceeded　to　take　measures　for　altering　the
government。　But　the　Athenians　taking　that　very　unwillingly；　and
resisting；　he　sent　to　the　people　and　informed　them　that　he　found
that　the　city　had　broken　the　terms；　for　the　walls　were　standing　when
the　days　were　past　within　which　they　should　have　been　pulled　down。
He　should；　therefore；　consider　their　case　anew；　they　having　broken
their　first　articles。　And　some　state；　in　fact；　the　proposal　was　made
in　the　congress　of　the　allies；　that　the　Athenians　should　all　be　sold
as　slaves；　on　which　occasion；　Erianthus；　the　Theban；　gave　his　vote
to　pull　down　the　city；　and　turn　the　country　into　sheep…pasture