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sophist-及6何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


  Theaet。 Yes�察�surely number�察�if anything�察�has a real existence。

  Str。 Then we must not attempt to attribute to not´being number

either in the singular or plural��

  Theaet。 The argument implies that we should be wrong in doing so。

  Str。 But how can a man either express in words or even conceive in

thought things which are not or a thing which is not without number��

  Theaet。 How indeed��

  Str。 When we speak of things which are not attributing plurality

to not´being��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 But�察�on the other hand�察�when we say ;what is not�察─�do we not

attribute unity��

  Theaet。 Manifestly。

  Str。 Nevertheless�察�we maintain that you may not and ought not to

attribute being to not´being��

  Theaet。 Most true。

  Str。 Do you see�察�then�察�that not´being in itself can neither be

spoken�察�uttered�察�or thought�察�but that it is unthinkable��

unutterable�察�unspeakable�察�indescribable��

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 But�察�if so�察�I was wrong in telling you just now that the

difficulty which was coming is the greatest of all。

  Theaet。 What� �is there a greater still behind��

  Str。 Well�察�I am surprised�察�after what has been said already�察�that

you do not see the difficulty in which he who would refute the

notion of not´being is involved。 For he is compelled to contradict

himself as soon as he makes the attempt。

  Theaet。 What do you mean�拭�Speak more clearly。

  Str。 Do not expect clearness from me。 For I�察�who maintain that

not´being has no part either in the one or many�察�just now 

spoke and am

still speaking of not´being as one�察�for I say ;not´being。; Do you

understand��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And a little while ago I said that not´being is unutterable��

unspeakable�察�indescribable�此�do you follow��

  Theaet。 I do after a fashion。

  Str。 When I introduced the word ;is�察─�did I not contradict what I

said before��

  Theaet。 Clearly。

  Str。 And in using the singular verb�察�did I not speak of 

not´being as

one��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And when I spoke of not´being as indescribable and

unspeakable and unutterable�察�in using each of these words in the

singular�察�did I not refer to not´being as one��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And yet we say that�察�strictly speaking�察�it should not be

defined as one or many�察�and should not even be called ;it�察─�for the

use of the word ;it; would imply a form of unity。

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 How�察�then�察�can any one put any faith in me�拭�For now�察�

as always��

I am unequal to the refutation of not´being。 And therefore�察�as I was

saying�察�do not look to me for the right way of speaking about

not´being�察�but come�察�let us try the experiment with you。

  Theaet。 What do you mean��

  Str。 Make a noble effort�察�as becomes youth�察�and endeavour with all

your might to speak of not´being in a right manner�察�without

introducing into it either existence or unity or plurality。

  Theaet。 It would be a strange boldness in me which would 

attempt the

task when I see you thus discomfited。

  Str。 Say no more of ourselves�察�but until we find some one or other

who can speak of not´being without number�察�we must acknowledge that

the Sophist is a clever rogue who will not be got out of his hole。

  Theaet。 Most true。

  Str。 And if we say to him that he professes an art of making

appearances�察�he will grapple with us and retort our argument upon

ourselves�察�and when we call him an image´maker he will say�察�

;Pray what

do you mean at all by an image�拭─ �and I should like to know��

Theaetetus�察�how we can possibly answer the younker's question��

  Theaet。 We shall doubtless tell him of the images which are

reflected in water or in mirrors�察�also of sculptures�察�pictures�察�and

other duplicates。

  Str。 I see�察�Theaetetus�察�that you have never made the 

acquaintance of

the Sophist。

  Theaet。 Why do you think so��

  Str。 He will make believe to have his eyes shut�察�or to have none。

  Theaet。 What do you mean��

  Str。 When you tell him of something existing in a mirror�察�or in

sculpture�察�and address him as though he had eyes�察�he will 

laugh you to

scorn�察�and will pretend that he knows nothing of mirrors and

streams�察�or of sight at all�察�he will say that he is asking about an

idea。

  Theaet。 What can he mean��

  Str。 The common notion pervading all these objects�察�which you

speak of as many�察�and yet call by the single name of image�察�as

though it were the unity under which they were all included。 How

will you maintain your ground against him��

  Theaet。 How。 Stranger�察�can I describe an image except as something

fashioned in the likeness of the true��

  Str。 And do you mean this something to be some other true thing��

or what do you mean��

  Theaet。 Certainly not another true thing�察�but only a resemblance。

  Str。 And you mean by true that which really is��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And the not true is that which is the opposite of the true��

  Theaet。 Exactly。

  Str。 A resemblance�察�then�察�is not really real�察�if�察�as you say�察�not

true��

  Theaet。 Nay�察�but it is in a certain sense。

  Str。 You mean to say�察�not in a true sense��

  Theaet。 Yes�察�it is in reality only an image。

  Str。 Then what we call an image is in reality really unreal。

  Theaet。 In what a strange complication of being and 

not´being we are

involved��

  Str。 Strange� �I should think so。 See how�察�by his reciprocation of

opposites�察�the many´headed Sophist has compelled us�察�quite 

against our

will�察�to admit the existence of not´being。

  Theaet。 Yes�察�indeed�察�I see。

  Str。 The difficulty is how to define his art without falling into

a contradiction。

  Theaet。 How do you mean�拭�And where does the danger lie��

  Str。 When we say that he deceives us with an illusion�察�and that

his art is illusory�察�do we mean that our soul is led by his art to

think falsely�察�or what do we mean��

  Theaet。 There is nothing else to be said。

  Str。 Again�察�false opinion is that form of opinion which thinks the

opposite of the truth�此�You would assent��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 You mean to say that false opinion thinks what is not��

  Theaet。 Of course。

  Str。 Does false opinion think that things which are not are not��

or that in a certain sense they are��

  Theaet。 Things that are not must be imagined to exist in a certain

sense�察�if any degree of falsehood is to be possible。

  Str。 And does not false opinion also think that things which most

certainly exist do not exist at all��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And here�察�again�察�is falsehood��

  Theaet。 Falsehood´yes。

  Str。 And in like manner�察�a false proposition will be deemed to be

one which are�察�the nonexistence of things which are�察�and the 

existence

of things which are not。

  Theaet。 There is no other way in which a false proposition can

arise。

  Str。 There is not�察�but the Sophist will deny these statements。 And

indeed how can any rational man assent to them�察�when the very

expressions which we have just used were before acknowledged by us

to be unutterable�察�unspeakable�察�indescribable�察�unthinkable�拭�

Do you see

his point�察�Theaetetus��

  Theaet。 Of course he will say that we are contradicting ourselves

when we hazard the assertion�察�that falsehood exists in opinion and

in words�察�for in maintaining this�察�we are compelled over and over

again to assert being of not´being�察�which we admitted just now to be

an utter impossibility。

  Str。 How well you remember� �And now it is high time to hold a

consultation as to what we ought to do about the Sophist�察�for if we

persist in looking for him in the class of false workers and

magicians�察�you see that the handles for objection and the 

difficulties

which will arise are very numerous and obvious。

  Theaet。 They are indeed。

  Str。 We have gone through but a very small portion of 

them�察�and they

are really infinite。

  Theaet。 If that is the case�察�we cannot possibly catch the Sophist。

  Str。 Shall we then be so faint´hearted as to give him up��

  Theaet。 Certainly not�察�I should say�察�if we can get the slightest

hold upon him。

  Str。 Will you then forgive me�察�and�察�as your words imply�察�not be

altogether displeased if I flinch a little from the grasp of such a

sturdy argument��

  Theaet。 To be sure I will。

  Str。 I have a yet more urgent request to make。

  Theaet。 Which is´��

  Str。 That you will promise not to regard me as a parricide。

  Theaet。 And why��

  Str。 Because�察�in self´defence�察�I must test the philosophy of my

father Parmenides�察�and try to prove by main force�察�that in a certain

sense not´being is�察�and that being�察�on the other hand�察�is not。

  Theaet。 Some attempt of the kind is clearly needed。

  Str。 Yes�察�a blind man�察�as they say�察�might see that�察�and�察�unless

these questions are decided in one way or another�察�no one when he

speaks false words�察�or false opinion�察�or idols�察�or images or

imitations or appearances�察�or about the arts which are concerned

with them�察�can avoid falling into ridiculous contradictions。

  Theaet。 Most true。

  Str。 And therefore I must venture to lay hands on my father's

argument�察�for if I am to be over´scrupulous�察�I shall have to give

the matter up。

  Theaet。 Nothing in the world should ever induce us to do so。

  Str。 I have a third little request which I wish to make。

  Theaet。 What is it��

  Str。 You heard me´say what´I have always felt and still feel´that

I have no heart for this argument��

  Theaet。 I did。

  Str。 I tremble at the thought of what I have said�察�and expect that

you will deem me mad�察�when you hear of my sudden changes and

shiftings�察�let me therefore observe�察�that I am examining the

question entirely out of regard for you。

  Theaet。 There is no reason for you to fear that I shall impute any

impropriety to you�察�if you attempt this refutation and proof�察�take

heart�察�therefore�察�and proceed。

  Str。 And where shall I begin the perilous enterprise�拭�I think that

the road which I must take is´

  Theaet。 Which�拭�Let me hear。

  Str。 I think that we had better�察�first of all�察�consider the points

which at present are regard as self´evident�察�lest we may have fallen

into some confusion�察�and be too ready to assent to one another��

fancying that we are quite clear about them。

  Theaet。 Say more distinctly wha
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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