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sophist-及6何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
Theaet。 Yes�察�surely number�察�if anything�察�has a real existence。
Str。 Then we must not attempt to attribute to not´being number
either in the singular or plural��
Theaet。 The argument implies that we should be wrong in doing so。
Str。 But how can a man either express in words or even conceive in
thought things which are not or a thing which is not without number��
Theaet。 How indeed��
Str。 When we speak of things which are not attributing plurality
to not´being��
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 But�察�on the other hand�察�when we say ;what is not�察─�do we not
attribute unity��
Theaet。 Manifestly。
Str。 Nevertheless�察�we maintain that you may not and ought not to
attribute being to not´being��
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 Do you see�察�then�察�that not´being in itself can neither be
spoken�察�uttered�察�or thought�察�but that it is unthinkable��
unutterable�察�unspeakable�察�indescribable��
Theaet。 Quite true。
Str。 But�察�if so�察�I was wrong in telling you just now that the
difficulty which was coming is the greatest of all。
Theaet。 What� �is there a greater still behind��
Str。 Well�察�I am surprised�察�after what has been said already�察�that
you do not see the difficulty in which he who would refute the
notion of not´being is involved。 For he is compelled to contradict
himself as soon as he makes the attempt。
Theaet。 What do you mean�拭�Speak more clearly。
Str。 Do not expect clearness from me。 For I�察�who maintain that
not´being has no part either in the one or many�察�just now
spoke and am
still speaking of not´being as one�察�for I say ;not´being。; Do you
understand��
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And a little while ago I said that not´being is unutterable��
unspeakable�察�indescribable�此�do you follow��
Theaet。 I do after a fashion。
Str。 When I introduced the word ;is�察─�did I not contradict what I
said before��
Theaet。 Clearly。
Str。 And in using the singular verb�察�did I not speak of
not´being as
one��
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And when I spoke of not´being as indescribable and
unspeakable and unutterable�察�in using each of these words in the
singular�察�did I not refer to not´being as one��
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 And yet we say that�察�strictly speaking�察�it should not be
defined as one or many�察�and should not even be called ;it�察─�for the
use of the word ;it; would imply a form of unity。
Theaet。 Quite true。
Str。 How�察�then�察�can any one put any faith in me�拭�For now�察�
as always��
I am unequal to the refutation of not´being。 And therefore�察�as I was
saying�察�do not look to me for the right way of speaking about
not´being�察�but come�察�let us try the experiment with you。
Theaet。 What do you mean��
Str。 Make a noble effort�察�as becomes youth�察�and endeavour with all
your might to speak of not´being in a right manner�察�without
introducing into it either existence or unity or plurality。
Theaet。 It would be a strange boldness in me which would
attempt the
task when I see you thus discomfited。
Str。 Say no more of ourselves�察�but until we find some one or other
who can speak of not´being without number�察�we must acknowledge that
the Sophist is a clever rogue who will not be got out of his hole。
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 And if we say to him that he professes an art of making
appearances�察�he will grapple with us and retort our argument upon
ourselves�察�and when we call him an image´maker he will say�察�
;Pray what
do you mean at all by an image�拭─ �and I should like to know��
Theaetetus�察�how we can possibly answer the younker's question��
Theaet。 We shall doubtless tell him of the images which are
reflected in water or in mirrors�察�also of sculptures�察�pictures�察�and
other duplicates。
Str。 I see�察�Theaetetus�察�that you have never made the
acquaintance of
the Sophist。
Theaet。 Why do you think so��
Str。 He will make believe to have his eyes shut�察�or to have none。
Theaet。 What do you mean��
Str。 When you tell him of something existing in a mirror�察�or in
sculpture�察�and address him as though he had eyes�察�he will
laugh you to
scorn�察�and will pretend that he knows nothing of mirrors and
streams�察�or of sight at all�察�he will say that he is asking about an
idea。
Theaet。 What can he mean��
Str。 The common notion pervading all these objects�察�which you
speak of as many�察�and yet call by the single name of image�察�as
though it were the unity under which they were all included。 How
will you maintain your ground against him��
Theaet。 How。 Stranger�察�can I describe an image except as something
fashioned in the likeness of the true��
Str。 And do you mean this something to be some other true thing��
or what do you mean��
Theaet。 Certainly not another true thing�察�but only a resemblance。
Str。 And you mean by true that which really is��
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And the not true is that which is the opposite of the true��
Theaet。 Exactly。
Str。 A resemblance�察�then�察�is not really real�察�if�察�as you say�察�not
true��
Theaet。 Nay�察�but it is in a certain sense。
Str。 You mean to say�察�not in a true sense��
Theaet。 Yes�察�it is in reality only an image。
Str。 Then what we call an image is in reality really unreal。
Theaet。 In what a strange complication of being and
not´being we are
involved��
Str。 Strange� �I should think so。 See how�察�by his reciprocation of
opposites�察�the many´headed Sophist has compelled us�察�quite
against our
will�察�to admit the existence of not´being。
Theaet。 Yes�察�indeed�察�I see。
Str。 The difficulty is how to define his art without falling into
a contradiction。
Theaet。 How do you mean�拭�And where does the danger lie��
Str。 When we say that he deceives us with an illusion�察�and that
his art is illusory�察�do we mean that our soul is led by his art to
think falsely�察�or what do we mean��
Theaet。 There is nothing else to be said。
Str。 Again�察�false opinion is that form of opinion which thinks the
opposite of the truth�此�You would assent��
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 You mean to say that false opinion thinks what is not��
Theaet。 Of course。
Str。 Does false opinion think that things which are not are not��
or that in a certain sense they are��
Theaet。 Things that are not must be imagined to exist in a certain
sense�察�if any degree of falsehood is to be possible。
Str。 And does not false opinion also think that things which most
certainly exist do not exist at all��
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And here�察�again�察�is falsehood��
Theaet。 Falsehood´yes。
Str。 And in like manner�察�a false proposition will be deemed to be
one which are�察�the nonexistence of things which are�察�and the
existence
of things which are not。
Theaet。 There is no other way in which a false proposition can
arise。
Str。 There is not�察�but the Sophist will deny these statements。 And
indeed how can any rational man assent to them�察�when the very
expressions which we have just used were before acknowledged by us
to be unutterable�察�unspeakable�察�indescribable�察�unthinkable�拭�
Do you see
his point�察�Theaetetus��
Theaet。 Of course he will say that we are contradicting ourselves
when we hazard the assertion�察�that falsehood exists in opinion and
in words�察�for in maintaining this�察�we are compelled over and over
again to assert being of not´being�察�which we admitted just now to be
an utter impossibility。
Str。 How well you remember� �And now it is high time to hold a
consultation as to what we ought to do about the Sophist�察�for if we
persist in looking for him in the class of false workers and
magicians�察�you see that the handles for objection and the
difficulties
which will arise are very numerous and obvious。
Theaet。 They are indeed。
Str。 We have gone through but a very small portion of
them�察�and they
are really infinite。
Theaet。 If that is the case�察�we cannot possibly catch the Sophist。
Str。 Shall we then be so faint´hearted as to give him up��
Theaet。 Certainly not�察�I should say�察�if we can get the slightest
hold upon him。
Str。 Will you then forgive me�察�and�察�as your words imply�察�not be
altogether displeased if I flinch a little from the grasp of such a
sturdy argument��
Theaet。 To be sure I will。
Str。 I have a yet more urgent request to make。
Theaet。 Which is´��
Str。 That you will promise not to regard me as a parricide。
Theaet。 And why��
Str。 Because�察�in self´defence�察�I must test the philosophy of my
father Parmenides�察�and try to prove by main force�察�that in a certain
sense not´being is�察�and that being�察�on the other hand�察�is not。
Theaet。 Some attempt of the kind is clearly needed。
Str。 Yes�察�a blind man�察�as they say�察�might see that�察�and�察�unless
these questions are decided in one way or another�察�no one when he
speaks false words�察�or false opinion�察�or idols�察�or images or
imitations or appearances�察�or about the arts which are concerned
with them�察�can avoid falling into ridiculous contradictions。
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 And therefore I must venture to lay hands on my father's
argument�察�for if I am to be over´scrupulous�察�I shall have to give
the matter up。
Theaet。 Nothing in the world should ever induce us to do so。
Str。 I have a third little request which I wish to make。
Theaet。 What is it��
Str。 You heard me´say what´I have always felt and still feel´that
I have no heart for this argument��
Theaet。 I did。
Str。 I tremble at the thought of what I have said�察�and expect that
you will deem me mad�察�when you hear of my sudden changes and
shiftings�察�let me therefore observe�察�that I am examining the
question entirely out of regard for you。
Theaet。 There is no reason for you to fear that I shall impute any
impropriety to you�察�if you attempt this refutation and proof�察�take
heart�察�therefore�察�and proceed。
Str。 And where shall I begin the perilous enterprise�拭�I think that
the road which I must take is´
Theaet。 Which�拭�Let me hear。
Str。 I think that we had better�察�first of all�察�consider the points
which at present are regard as self´evident�察�lest we may have fallen
into some confusion�察�and be too ready to assent to one another��
fancying that we are quite clear about them。
Theaet。 Say more distinctly wha
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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