the passing of the frontier-第13部分

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s　were　gone；　and　were　never　found。　Most　of　the　cattle　had　perished；　and　were　wholly　hidden　from　sight。　The　few　oxen　which　were　found　were　slaughtered　for　beef。〃

The　travelers　knew　that　the　supplies　they　had　could　not　last　long。　On　the　12th　of　November　a　relief　party　essayed　to　go　forward；　but　after　struggling　a　short　distance　toward　the　summit；　came　back　wearied　and　broken…hearted；　unable　to　make　way　through　the　deep；　soft　snow。　Then　some　onesaid　to　have　been　F。　W。　Graves　of　Vermontbethought　himself　of　making　snowshoes　out　of　the　oxbows　and　the　hides　of　the　slaughtered　oxen。　With　these　they　did　better。

Volunteers　were　called　for　yet　another　party　to　cross　the　mountains　into　California。　Fifteen　persons　volunteered。　Not　all　of　them　were　mensome　were　mothers；　and　one　was　a　young　woman。　Their　mental　condition　was　little　short　of　desperation。　Only；　in　the　midst　of　their　intense　hardships　it　seemed　to　all；　somewhere　to　the　westward　was　California；　and　that　there　alone　lay　any　hope。　The　party　traveled　four　miles　the　first　day；　and　their　camp　fires　were　visible　below　the　summit。　The　next　day　they　traveled　six　miles　and　crossed　the　divide。

They　were　starving；　cold；　worn　out；　their　feet　frozen　to　bursting；　their　blood　chilled。　At　times　they　were　caught　in　some　of　the　furious　storms　of　the　Sierras。　They　did　not　know　their　way。　On　the　27th　of　December　certain　of　the　party　resolved　themselves　to　that　last　recourse　which　alone　might　mean　life。　Surrounded　by　horrors　as　they　were；　it　seemed　they　could　endure　the　thought　of　yet　an　additional　horror。。。。　There　were　the　dead；　the　victims　who　already　had　perished！。。。

Seven　of　the　fifteen　got　through　to　the　Sacramento　Valley；　among　these　the　young　girl；　Mary　Graves；　described　as　〃a　very　beautiful　girl；　of　tall　and　slender　build；　and；　exceptionally　graceful　character。〃　The　story　brought　out　by　these　survivors　of　the　first　party　to　cross　the　Sierras　from　the　starving　camp　set　all　California　aflame。　There　were　no　less　than　three　relief　expeditions　formed；　which　at　varying　dates　crossed　the　mountains　to　the　east。　Some　men　crossed　the　snow　belt　five　times　in　all。　The　rescuers　were　often　in　as　much　danger　as　the　victims　they　sought　to　save。

And　they　could　not　save　them。　Back　there　in　their　tents　and　hovels　around　Donner　Lake　starvation　was　doing　its　work　steadily。　There　is　contemporary　history　also　covering　the　details　of　this。　Tamsen　Donner；　heroine　that　she　was；　kept　a　diary　which　would　have　been　valuable　for　us；　but　this　was　lost　along　with　her　paintings　and　her　botanical　collections。　The　best　preserved　diary　is　that　of　Patrick　Breen；　done　in　simple　and　matter…of…fact　fashion　throughout　most　of　the　starving　winter。　Thus：

〃Dec。　17。　Pleasant；　William　Murphy　returned　from　the　mountain　party　last　evening；　Baylis　Williams　died　night　before　last；　Milton　and　Noah　started　for　Donner's　eight　days　ago；　not　returned　yet；　think　they　are　lost　in　the　snow。

〃Dec。　21。　Milton　got　back　last　night　from　Donner's　camp。　Sad　news；　Jacob　Donner；　Samuel　Shoemaker；　Rhineheart；　and　Smith　are　dead；　the　rest　of　them　in　a　low　situation；　snowed　all　night；　with　a　strong　southwest　wind。

〃Dec。　23。　Clear　to…day；　Milton　took　some　of　his　meat　away；　all　well　at　their　camp。　Began　this　day　to　read　the　〃Thirty　Days'　Prayers〃；　Almighty　God；　grant　the　requests　of　unworthy　sinners！

〃Jan。　13。　Snowing　fast；　snow　higher　than　the　shanty；　it　must　be　thirteen　feet　deep。　Can　not　get　wood　this　morning；　it　is　a　dreadful　sight　for　us　to　look　upon。

〃Jan。　27。　Commenced　snowing　yesterday；　still　continues　today。　Lewis　Keseberg；　Jr。；　died　three　days　ago；　food　growing　scarce；　don't　have　fire　enough　to　cook　our　hides。

〃Jan。　31。　The　sun　does　not　shine　out　brilliant　this　morning；　froze　hard　last　night；　wind　northwest。　Landrum　Murphy　died　last　night　about　ten　o'clock；　Mrs。　Reed　went　to　Graves's　this　morning　to　look　after　goods。

〃Feb。　4。　Snowed　hard　until　twelve　o'clock　last　night；　many　uneasy　for　fear　we　shall　all　perish　with　hunger；　we　have　but　little　meat　left；　and　only　three　hides；　Mrs。　Reed　has　nothing　but　one　hide；　and　that　is　on　Graves's　house；　Milton　lives　there；　and　likely　will　keep　that。　Eddy's　child　died　last　night。

〃Feb。　7。　Ceased　to　snow　at　last；　today　it　is　quite　pleasant。　McCutchen's　child　died　on　the　second　of　this　month。

〃＇This　child　died　and　was　buried　in　the　Graves's　cabin。　Mr。　W。　C。　Graves　helped　dig　the　grave　near　one　side　of　the　cabin；　and　laid　the　little　one　to　rest。　One　of　the　most　heart…rending　features　of　this　Donner　tragedy　is　the　number　of　infants　that　perished。　Mrs。　Breen；　Mrs。　Pike；　Mrs。　Foster；　Mrs。　McCutchen；　Mrs。　Eddy；　and　Mrs。　Graves　each　had　nursing　babes　when　the　fatal　camp　was　pitched　at　Donner　Lake。＇

〃Feb。　8。　Fine；　clear　morning。　Spitzer　died　last　night；　and　we　will　bury　him　in　the　snow；　Mrs。　Eddy　died　on　the　night　of　the　seventh。

〃Feb。　9。　Mrs。　Pike's　child　all　but　dead；　Milton　is　at　Murphy's；　not　able　to　get　out　of　bed；　Mrs。　Eddy　and　child　buried　today；　wind　southeast。

〃Feb。　10。　Beautiful　morning；　thawing　in　the　sun；　Milton　Elliott　died　last　night　at　Murphy's　cabin；　and　Mrs。　Reed　went　there　this　morning　to　see　about　his　effects。　John　Denton　trying　to　borrow　meat　for　Graves；　had　none　to　give；　they　had　nothing　but　hides；　all　are　entirely　out　of　meat；　but　a　little　we　have；　our　hides　are　nearly　all　eat　up；　but　with　God's　help　spring　will　soon　smile　upon　us。〃

There　was　one　survivor　of　the　camp　at　Donner　Lake；　a　man　named　Lewis　Keseberg；　of　German　descent。　That　he　was　guilty　of　repeated　cannibalism　cannot　be　doubted。　It　was　in　his　cabin　that；　after　losing　all　her　loved　ones；　the　heroic　Tamsen　Donner　met　her　end。　Many　thought　he　killed　her　for　the　one　horrid　purpose。*

*　Many　years　later　（1879）　Keseberg　declared　under　oath　to　C。　F。　McGlashan　that　he　did　not　take　her　life。　See　〃History　of　the　Donner〃　Party；　pp。　212；　213。


Such　then　is　the　story　of　one　of　the　great　emigrant　parties　who　started　West　on　a　hazard　of　new　fortunes　in　the　early　days　of　the　Oregon　Trail。　Happily　there　has　been　no　parallel　to　the　misadventures　of　this　ill…fated　caravan。　It　is　difficult　without　reading　these；　bald　and　awful　details　to　realize　the　vast　difference　between　that　day　and　this。　Today　we　may　by　the　gentle　stages　of　a　pleasant　railway　journey　arrive　at　Donner　Lake。　Little　trace　remains；　nor　does　any　kindly　soul　wish　for　more　definite　traces；　of　those　awful　scenes。　Only　a　cross　here　and　there　with　a　legend；　faint　and　becoming　fainter　every　year；　may　be　seen；　marking　the　more　prominent　spots　of　the　historic　starving　camp。

Up　on　the　high　mountain　side；　for　the　most　part　hid　in　the　forest；　lie　the　snowsheds　and　tunnels　of　the　railway；　now　encountering　its　stiffest　climb　up　the　steep　slopes　to　the　summit　of　the　Sierras。　The　author　visited　this　spot　of　melancholy　history　in　company　with　the　vice…president　of　the　great　railway　line　which　here　swings　up　so　steadily　and　easily　over　the　Sierras。　Bit　by　bit　we　checked　out　as　best　we　might　the　fateful　spots　mentioned　in　the　story　of　the　Donner　Party。　A　splendid　motor　highway　runs　by　the　lakeside　now。　While　we　halted　our　own　car　there；　a　motor　car　drove　up　from　the　westwardfollowing　that　practical　automobile　highway　which　now　exists　from　the　plains　of　California　across　the　Sierras　and　east　over　precisely　that　trail　where　once　the　weary　feet　of　the　oxen　dragged　the　wagons　of　the　early　emigrants。　It　was　a　small　car　of　no　expensive　type。　It　was　loaded　down　with　camping　equipment　until　the　wheels　scarcely　could　be　seen。　It　carried　five　human　occupantsan　Iowa　farmer　and　his　family。　They　had　been　out　to　California　for　a　season。　Casually　they　had　left　Los　Angeles；　had　traveled　north　up　the　valleys　of　California；　east　across　the　summit　of　the　Sierras；　and　were　here　now　bound　for　Iowa　over　the　old　emigrant　trail！

We　hailed　this　new　traveler　on　the　old　trail。　I　do　not　know　whether　or　not　he　had　any　idea　of　the　early　days　of　that　great　highway；　I　suspect　that　he　could　tell　only　of　its　present　motoring　possibilities。　But　his　wheels　were　passing　over　the　marks　left　more　than　half　a　century　ago　by　the　cracked　felloes　of　the　emigrant　wagons　going　west　in　search　of　homes。　If　we　seek　history；　let　us　ponder　that　chance　pause　of　the　eastbound　family；　traveling　by　motor　for　pleasure；　here　by　the　side　of　the　graves　of　the　travelers　of　another　day；　itself　so　briefly　gone。　What　an　epoch　was　spanned　in　the　passing　of　that　frontier！



Chapter　VII。　The　Indian　Wars

It　might　well　be　urged　against　the　method　employed　in　these　pages　that；　although　we　undertook　to　speak　of　the　last　American　frontier；　all　that　we　really　thus　far　have　done　has　been　to　describe　a　series　of　frontiers　from　the　Missouri　westward。　In　part　this　is　true。　But　it　was　precisely　in　this　large；　loose；　and　irregular　fashion　that　we　actually　arrived　at　our　last　frontier。　Certainly　our　westbound　civilization　never　advanced　by　any　steady　or　regular　process。　It　would　be　a　singularly　illuminating　mapand　one　which　I　wish　we　might　showwhich　would　depict　in　different　colors　the　great　occupied　areas　of　the　West；　with　the　earliest　dates　of　their　final　and　permanent　occupation。　Such　a　map　as　this　would　show　us　that　the　last　frontier　of　America　was　overleaped　and　left　behind　not　once　but　a　score　of　times。

The　land　between　the　Missouri　and　the　Rockies；　along　the　Great　Plains　and　the　high　foothills；　was　crossed　over　and　forgotten　by　the　men　who　were　forging　on　into　farther　countries　in　search　of　lands　where　fortune　was　swift　and　easy。　California；　Oregon；　all　the　early　farming　and　timbering　lands　of　the　distant　Northwest　these　lay　far　beyond　the　Plains；　and　as　we　have　noted；　they　were　sought　for；　even　before　gold　was　dreamed　of　upon　the　Pacific　Slope。

So　here；　somewhere　between　the　Missouri　and　the　Rockies；　lay　our　last　frontier；　wavering；　receding；　advancing；　gaining　and　losing；　changing　a　little　more　every　decadeand　at　last　so　rapidly　changed　as　to　be　outworn　and　abolished　in　one　swift　decade　all　its　own。

This　unsettled　land　so　long　held　in　small　repute　by　the　early　Americans；　was；　as　we　have　pointed　out；　the　buffalo　range　and　the　country　of　the　Horse　Indiansthe　Plains　tribes　who　lived　upon　the　buffalo。　For　a　long　time　it　was　this　Indian　population　which　held　back　the　white　settlements　of　Kansas；　Nebraska；　the　Dakotas；　Mont