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he Theory          of Three Dimensions by other means�察�and of the result






PART I�此 �THIS WORLD

;Be patient�察�for the world is broad and wide。;






Section 1。  Of the Nature of Flatland



I call our world Flatland�察�not because we call it so�察�but to make its nature clearer to you�察�my happy readers�察�who are privileged to live in Space。

Imagine a vast sheet of paper on which straight Lines�察�Triangles�察�Squares�察�Pentagons�察�Hexagons�察�and other figures�察�instead of remaining fixed in their places�察�move freely about�察�on or in the surface�察�but without the power of rising above or sinking below it�察�very much like shadows  only hard and with luminous edges  and you will then have a pretty correct notion of my country and countrymen。  Alas�察�a few years ago�察�I should have said ;my universe;�此 �but now my mind has been opened to higher views of things。

In such a country�察�you will perceive at once that it is impossible that there should be anything of what you call a ;solid; kind�察�but I dare say you will suppose that we could at least distinguish by sight the Triangles�察�Squares�察�and other figures�察�moving about as I have described them。  On the contrary�察�we could see nothing of the kind�察�not at least so as to distinguish one figure from another。  Nothing was visible�察�nor could be visible�察�to us�察�except Straight Lines�察�and the necessity of this I will speedily demonstrate。

Place a penny on the middle of one of your tables in Space�察�and leaning over it�察�look down upon it。  It will appear a circle。

But now�察�drawing back to the edge of the table�察�gradually lower your eye ��thus bringing yourself more and more into the condition of the inhabitants of Flatland���察�and you will find the penny becoming more and more oval to your view�察�and at last when you have placed your eye exactly on the edge of the table ��so that you are�察�as it were�察�actually a Flatlander�� the penny will then have ceased to appear oval at all�察�and will have become�察�so far as you can see�察�a straight line。

The same thing would happen if you were to treat in the same way a Triangle�察�or Square�察�or any other figure cut out of pasteboard。 As soon as you look at it with your eye on the edge on the table�察�you will find that it ceases to appear to you a figure�察�and that it becomes in appearance a straight line。  Take for example an equilateral Triangle  who represents with us a Tradesman of the respectable class。  Fig。 1 represents the Tradesman as you would see him while you were bending over him from above�察�figs。 2 and 3 represent the Tradesman�察�as you would see him if your eye were close to the level�察�or all but on the level of the table�察�and if your eye were quite on the level of the table ��and that is how we see him in Flatland�� you would see nothing but a straight line。







��1��     __________     ��2��    ___________     ��3��     _________                 /             __ __                 ´               /                   ´             /


When I was in Spaceland I heard that your sailors have very similar experiences while they traverse your seas and discern some distant island or coast lying on the horizon。  The far´off land may have bays�察�forelands�察�angles in and out to any number and extent�察�yet at a distance you see none of these ��unless indeed your sun shines bright upon them revealing the projections and retirements by means of light and shade���察�nothing but a grey unbroken line upon the water。

Well�察�that is just what we see when one of our triangular or other acquaintances comes toward us in Flatland。  As there is neither sun with us�察�nor any light of such a kind as to make shadows�察�we have none of the helps to the sight that you have in Spaceland。 If our friend comes closer to us we see his line becomes larger�察�if he leaves us it becomes smaller�此 �but still he looks like a straight line�察�be he a Triangle�察�Square�察�Pentagon�察�Hexagon�察�Circle�察�what you will  a straight Line he looks and nothing else。

You may perhaps ask how under these disadvantageous circumstances we are able to distinguish our friends from one another�此�but the answer to this very natural question will be more fitly and easily given when I come to describe the inhabitants of Flatland。 For the present let me defer this subject�察�and say a word or two about the climate and houses in our country。




Section 2。  Of the Climate and Houses in Flatland



As with you�察�so also with us�察�there are four points of the compass North�察�South�察�East�察�and West。

There being no sun nor other heavenly bodies�察�it is impossible for us to determine the North in the usual way�察�but we have a method of our own。  By a Law of Nature with us�察�there is a constant attraction to the South�察�and�察�although in temperate climates this is very slight  so that even a Woman in reasonable health can journey several furlongs northward without much difficulty  yet the hampering effect of the southward attraction is quite sufficient to serve as a compass in most parts of our earth。 Moreover�察�the rain ��which falls at stated intervals�� coming always from the North�察�is an additional assistance�察�and in the towns we have the guidance of the houses�察�which of course have their side´walls running for the most part North and South�察�so that the roofs may keep off the rain from the North。  In the country�察�where there are no houses�察�the trunks of the trees serve as some sort of guide。 Altogether�察�we have not so much difficulty as might be expected in determining our bearings。

Yet in our more temperate regions�察�in which the southward attraction is hardly felt�察�walking sometimes in a perfectly desolate plain where there have been no houses nor trees to guide me�察�I have been occasionally compelled to remain stationary for hours together�察�waiting till the rain came before continuing my journey。  On the weak and aged�察�and especially on delicate Females�察�the force of attraction tells much more heavily than on the robust of the Male Sex�察�so that it is a point of breeding�察�if you meet a Lady in the street�察�always to give her the North side of the way  by no means an easy thing to do always at short notice when you are in rude health and in a climate where it is difficult to tell your North from your South。

Windows there are none in our houses�此 �for the light comes to us alike in our homes and out of them�察�by day and by night�察�equally at all times and in all places�察�whence we know not。  It was in old days�察�with our learned men�察�an interesting and oft´investigated question�察 �What is the origin of light�拭─�and the solution of it has been repeatedly attempted�察�with no other result than to crowd our lunatic asylums with the would´be solvers。  Hence�察�after fruitless attempts to suppress such investigations indirectly by making them liable to a heavy tax�察�the Legislature�察�in comparatively recent times�察�absolutely prohibited them。 I  alas�察�I alone in Flatland  know now only too well the true solution of this mysterious problem�察�but my knowledge cannot be made intelligible to a single one of my countrymen�察�and I am mocked at  I�察�the sole possessor of the truths of Space and of the theory of the introduction of Light from the world of three Dimensions  as if I were the maddest of the mad� �But a truce to these painful digressions�此 �let me return to our houses。

The most common form for the construction of a house is five´sided or pentagonal�察�as in the annexed figure。  The two Northern sides RO�察�OF�察�constitute the roof�察�and for the most part have no doors�察�on the East is a small door for the Women�察�on the West a much larger one for the Men�察�the South side or floor is usually doorless。

Square and triangular houses are not allowed�察�and for this reason。 The angles of a Square ��and still more those of an equilateral Triangle���察�being much more pointed than those of a Pentagon�察�and the lines of inanimate objects ��such as houses�� being dimmer than the lines of Men and Women�察�it follows that there is no little danger lest the points of a square or triangular house residence might do serious injury to an inconsiderate or perhaps absent´minded traveller suddenly therefore�察�running against them�此 �and as early as the eleventh century of our era�察�triangular houses were universally forbidden by Law�察�the only exceptions being fortifications�察�powder´magazines�察�barracks�察�and other state buildings�察�which it is not desirable that the general public should approach without circumspection。







                             O                              /                            /                              /                                /                                  /                                   R/                    F                    _                   /                                       _/           Men's door                 _   Women's door                        _             /                        ____________/                        A            B


At this period�察�square houses were still everywhere permitted�察�though discouraged by a special tax。  But�察�about three centuries afterwards�察�the Law decided that in all towns containing a population above ten thousand�察�the angle of a Pentagon was the smallest house´angle that could be allowed consistently with the public safety。 The good sense of the community has seconded the efforts of the Legislature�察�and now�察�even in the country�察�the pentagonal construction has superseded every other。 It is only now and then in some very remote and backward agricultural district that an antiquarian may still discover a square house。




Section 3。  Concerning the Inhabitants of Flatland



The greatest length or breadth of a full grown inhabitant of Flatland may be estimated at about eleven of your inches。  Twelve inches may be regarded as a maximum。

Our Women are Straight Lines。

Our Soldiers and Lowest Classes of Workmen are Triangles with two equal sides�察�each about eleven inches long�察�and a base or third side so short ��often not exceeding half an inch�� that they form at their vertices a very sharp and formidable angle。 Indeed when their bases are of the most degraded type ��not more than the eighth part of an inch in size���察�they can hardly be
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