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with　cerium　or　iridium；　than　on　the　sunlight　colour　and



unalterable　purity　by　which　it　attracts　the　admiration　and



answers　the　trust　of　mankind。　



　　　　It　must　be　kept　in　mind；　however；　that　I　use　the　word



〃demand〃　in　a　somewhat　different　sense　from　economists　usually。



They　mean　by　it　〃the　quantity　of　a　thing　sold。〃　I　mean　by　it　〃the



force　of　the　buyer's　capable　intention　to　buy。〃　In　good　English；



a　person's　〃demand〃　signifies；　not　what　he　gets；　but　what　he　asks



for。



　　　　Economists　also　do　not　notice　that　objects　are　not　valued　by



absolute　bulk　or　weight；　but　by　such　bulk　and　weight　as　is



necessary　to　bring　them　into　use。　They　say；　for　instance；　that



water　bears　no　price　in　the　market。　It　is　true　that　a　cupful　does



not；　but　a　lake　does；　just　as　a　handful　of　dust　does　not；　but　an



acre　does。　And　were　it　possible　to　make　even　the　possession　of



the　cupful　or　handful　permanent；　（i。e。　to　find　a　place　for　them；）



the　earth　and　sea　would　be　bought　up　for　handfuls　and　cupfuls。







21。　Compare　George　Herbert；　The　Church　Porch；　Staza　28。







22。　〃O　Zeus　dipou　penetai〃　　Arist。　Plut。　582。　It　would　but



weaken　the　grad　words　to　lean　on　the　preceding　ones：　　〃Oti　tou



Platon　parecho　Beltionas；　andpas；　kai　tin　gnomen；　kai　ten　idean。〃







23。　Zech。　v。　ii。







24。　Labour　which　is　entirely　good　of　its　kind；　that　is　to　say；



effective；　or　efficient；　the　Greeks　called　〃weighable；〃　or　axios；



translated　usually　〃worthy；〃　and　because　thus　substantial　and



true；　they　called　its　price　time；　the　〃honourable　estimate〃　of　it



（honorarium）：　this　word　being　founded　on　their　conception　of　true



labour　as　a　divine　thing；　to　be　honoured　with　the　kind　of　honour



given　to　the　gods；　whereas　the　price　of　false　labour；　or　of　that



which　led　away　from　life；　was　to　be；　not　honour；　but　vengeance；



for　which　they　reserved　another　word；　attributing　the　exaction　of



such　price　to　a　peculiar　goddess；　called　Tisiphone；　the　〃requiter



（or　quittance…taker）　of　death〃；　a　person　versed　in　the　highest



branches　of　arithmetic；　and　punctual　in　her　habits；　with　whom



accounts　current　have　been　opened　also　in　modern　days。　







25。　The　most　accurately　nugatory　labour　is；　perhaps；　that　of



which　not　enough　is　given　to　answer　a　purpose　effectually；　and



which；　therefore；　has　all　to　be　done　over　again。　Also；　labour



which　fails　of　effect　through　non…co…operation。　The　cure　of　a



little　village　near　Bellinzona；　to　whom　I　had　expressed　wonder



that　the　peasants　allowed　the　Ticino　to　flood　their　fields；　told



me　that　they　would　not　join　to　build　an　effectual　embankment　high



up　the　valley；　because　everybody　said　〃that　would　help　his



neighbours　as　much　as　himself。〃　So　every　proprietor　built　a　bit



of　low　embankment　about　his　own　field；　and　the　Ticino；　as　soon　as



it　had　a　mind；　swept　away　and　swallowed　all　up　together。　







26。　Observe；　I　say；　　rearing；〃　not　〃begetting。〃　The　praise　is　in



the　seventh　season；　not　in　sporitos；　nor　in　phutalia；　but　in



opora。　It　is　strange　that　men　always　praise　enthusiastically　any



person　who；　by　a　momentary　exertion；　saves　a　life；　but　praise



very　hesitatingly　a　person　who；　by　exertion　and　self…denial



prolonged　through　years；　creates　one。　We　give　the　crown　〃ob　civem



servatum〃；　　why　not　〃ob　civem　natum？〃　Born；　I　mean；　to　the



full；　in　soul　as　well　as　body。　England　has　oak　enough；　I　think；



for　both　chaplets。　







27。　When　Mr　Mill　speaks　of　productive　consumption；　he　only　means



consumption　which　results　in　increase　of　capital；　or　material



wealth。　See　I。　iii。　4；　and　I。　iii。　5。　







28。　So　also　in　the　vision　of　the　women　bearing　the　ephah；　before



quoted；　〃the　wind　was　in　their　wings；〃　not　wings　〃of　a　stork；〃　as



in　our　version；　but　〃miivi；〃　of　a　kite；　in　the　Vulgate；　or



perhaps　more　accurately　still　in　the　Septuagint；　〃hoopoe；〃　a　bird



connected　typically　with　the　power　of　riches　by　many　traditions；



of　which　that　of　its　petition　for　a　crest　of　gold　is　perhaps　the



most　interesting。　The　〃Birds〃　of　Aristophanes；　in　which　its　part



is　principal；　are　full　of　them；　note　especially　the



〃fortification　of　the　air　with　baked　bricks；　like　Babylon；〃　I。



550；　and；　again；　compare　the　Plutus　of　Dante；　who　（to　show　the



influence　of　riches　in　destroying　the　reason）　is　the　only　one　of



the　powers　of　the　Inferno　who　cannot　speak　intelligibly　and　also



the　cowardliest；　he　is　not　merely　quelled　or　restrained；　but



literally　〃collapses〃　at　a　word；　the　sudden　and　helpless



operation　of　mercantile　panic　being　all　told　in　the　brief



metaphor；　〃as　the　sails；　swollen　with　the　wind；　fall；　when　the



mast　breaks。〃







29。　The　value　of　raw　material；　which　has；　indeed；　to　be　deducted



from　the　price　of　the　labour；　is　not　contemplated　in　the　passages



referred　to；　Mr。　Mill　having　fallen　into　the　mistake　solely　by



pursuing　the　collateral　results　of　the　payment　of　wages　to



middlemen。　He　says〃　The　consumer　does　not；　with　his　own　funds；



pay　the　weaver　for　his　day's　work。　〃Pardon　me；　the　consumer　of



the　velvet　pays　the　weaver　with　his　own　funds　as　much　as　he　pays



the　gardener。　He　pays；　probably；　an　intermediate　ship…owner；



velvet　merchant；　and　shopman；　pays　carriage　money；　shop　rent；



damage　money；　time　money；　and　care　money；　all　these　are　above　and



beside　the　velvet　price；　（just　as　the　wages　of　a　head　gardener



would　be　above　the　grass　price）。　but　the　velvet　is　as　much



produced　by　the　consumer's　capital；　though　he　does　not　pay　for　it



till　six　months　after　production；　as　the　grass　is　produced　by　his



capital；　though　he　does　not　pay　the　man　who　mowed　and　rolled　it



on　Monday；　till　Saturday　afternoon。　I　do　not　know　if　Mr。　Mill's



conclusion；　　〃the　capital　cannot　be　dispensed　with；　the



purchasers　can　〃　（p。　98）；　has　yet　been　reduced　to　practice　in　the



City　on　any　large　scale。　







30。　Which；　observe；　is　the　precise　opposite　of　the　one　under



examination。　The　hardware　theory　required　us　to　discharge　our



gardeners　and　engage　manufacturers；　the　velvet　theory　requires　us



to　discharge　our　manufacturers　and　engage　gardeners。　







31。　It　is　one　very　awful　form　of　the　operation　of　wealth　in



Europe　that　it　is　entirely　capitalists'　wealth　which　supports



unjust　wars。　Just　wars　do　not　need　so　much　money　to　support　them；



for　most　of　the　men　who　wage　such；　wage　them　gratis；　but　for　an



unjust　war；　men's　bodies　and　souls　have　both　to　be　bought；　and



the　best　tools　of　war　for　them　besides；　which　makes　such　war



costly　to　the　maximum；　not　to　speak　of　the　cost　of　base　fear；　and



angry　suspicion；　between　nations　which　have　not　grace　nor　honesty



enough　in　all　their　multitudes　to　buy　an　hour's　peace　of　mind



with：　as；　at　present；　France　and　England；　purchasing　of　each



other　ten　millions　sterling　worth　of　consternation　annually；　（a



remarkably　light　crop；　half　thorns　and　half　aspen　leaves；　



sown；　reaped；　and　granaried　by　the　〃science〃　of　the　modern



political　economist；　teaching　covetousness　instead　of　truth。）　And



all　unjust　war　being　supportable；　if　not　by　pillage　of　the　enemy；



only　by　loans　from　capitalists；　these　loans　are　repaid　by



subsequent　taxation　of　the　people；　who　appear　to　have　no　will　in



the　matter；　the　capitalists'　will　being　the　primary　root　of　the



war；　but　its　real　root　is　the　covetousness　of　the　whole　nation；



rendering　it　incapable　of　faith；　frankness；　or　justice；　and



bringing　about；　therefore；　in　due　time；　his　own　separate　loss　and



punishment　to　each　person。　







32。　〃In　all　reasoning　about　prices；　the　proviso　must　be



understood；　'supposing　all　parties　to　take　care　of　their　own



interest。'〃　　Mill；　III。　i。　5。　







33。　James　v。　4。　Observe；　in　these　statements　I　am　not　talking　up；



nor　countenancing　one　whit；　the　common　socialist　idea　of　division



of　property；　division　of　property　is　its　destruction；　and　with　it



the　destruction　of　all　hope；　all　industry；　and　all　justice：　it　is



simply　chaos　a　chaos　towards　which　the　believers　in　modern



political　economy　are　fast　tending；　and　from　which　I　am　striving



to　save　them。　The　rich　man　does　not　keep　back　meat　from　the　poor



by　retaining　his　riches；　but　by　basely　using　them。　Riches　are　a



form　of　strength；　and　a　strong　man　does　not　injure　others　by



keeping　his　strength；　but　by　using　it　injuriously。　The　socialist；



seeing　a　strong　man　oppress　a　weak　one；　cries　out。　　〃Break　the



strong　man's　arms。〃　but　I　say；　〃Teach　him　to　use　them　to　better



purpose。〃　The　fortitude　and　intelligence　which　acquire　riches　are



intended；　by　the　Giver　of　both；　not　to　scatter；　nor　to　give　away；



but　to　employ　those　riches　in　the　service　of　mankind；　in　other



words；　in　the　redemption　of　the　erring　and　aid　of　the　weak　



that　is　to　say；　there　is　first　to　be　the　work　to　gain　money；　then



the　Sabbath　of　use　for　it　　the　Sabbath；　whose　law　is；　not　to



lose　life；　but　to　save。　It　is　continually　the　fault　or　the　folly



of　the　poor　that　they　are　poor；　as　it　is　usually　a　child's　fault



if　it　falls　into　a　pond；　and　a　cripple's　weakness　that　slips　at　a



crossing；　nevertheless；　most　passers　　by　would　pull　the　child



out；　or　help　up　the　cripple。　Put　it　at　the　worst；　that　all　the



poor　of　the　world　are　but　disobedient　children；　or　careless



cripples；　and　that　all　rich　people　are　wise　and　strong；　and　you



will　see　at　once　that　neither　is　the　socialist　right　in　desiring



to　make　everybody　poor；　powerless；　and　foolish　as　he　is　himself；



nor　the　rich　man　right　in　leaving　the　children　in　the　mire。　







34。　The　quan