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roduce¡¡less¡¡lift¡¡than¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡sidethe¡¡result¡¡being¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡either¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡will¡¡try¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡one¡¡wing¡¡down¡£

2¡£¡¡Distorted¡¡Surfaces¡£If¡¡some¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡distorted£»¡¡then¡¡its¡¡camber¡¡is¡¡spoiled£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡lift¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡the¡¡same¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡and¡¡that£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡will¡¡cause¡¡it¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡one¡¡wing¡¡down¡£


LONGITUDINAL¡¡INSTABILITY¡¡may¡¡be¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡following¡¡reasons£º

1¡£¡¡The¡¡stagger¡¡may¡¡be¡¡wrong¡£¡¡The¡¡top¡¡surface¡¡may¡¡have¡¡drifted¡¡back¡¡a¡¡little¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wires£»¡¡probably¡¡the¡¡incidence¡¡wires£»¡¡having¡¡elongated¡¡their¡¡loops¡¡or¡¡having¡¡pulled¡¡the¡¡fittings¡¡into¡¡the¡¡wood¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡top¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡not¡¡staggered¡¡forward¡¡to¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡degree£»¡¡then¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡its¡¡lift¡¡is¡¡too¡¡far¡¡back£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡will¡¡then¡¡have¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡lift¡¡up¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡too¡¡much¡£¡¡The¡¡aeroplane¡¡would¡¡then¡¡be¡¡said¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡®¡®nose¡­heavy¡£''

A¡¡1/4¡­inch¡¡area¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stagger¡¡will¡¡make¡¡a¡¡very¡¡considerable¡¡difference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡longitudinal¡¡stability¡£

2¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡not¡¡right£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡have¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡effect£»¡¡especially¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡an¡¡aeroplane¡¡with¡¡a¡¡lifting¡¡tail¡­plane¡£

If¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡is¡¡too¡¡great£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡produce¡¡an¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡lift£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡may¡¡lift¡¡up¡¡the¡¡nose¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡and¡¡result¡¡in¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡¡®¡®tail¡­down¡£''¡¡If¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡is¡¡too¡¡small£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡decreased¡¡lift£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡may¡¡have¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡fly¡¡¡®¡®nose¡­down¡£''

3¡£¡¡The¡¡fuselage¡¡may¡¡have¡¡become¡¡warped¡¡upward¡¡or¡¡downward£»¡¡thus¡¡giving¡¡the¡¡tail¡­plane¡¡an¡¡incorrect¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡has¡¡too¡¡much¡¡angle£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡lift¡¡too¡¡much£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡will¡¡be¡¡¡®¡®nose¡­heavy¡£''¡¡If¡¡it¡¡has¡¡too¡¡little¡¡angle£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡will¡¡not¡¡lift¡¡enough£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡will¡¡be¡¡¡®¡®tail¡­heavy¡£''

4¡£¡¡£¨The¡¡least¡¡likely¡¡reason¡££©¡¡The¡¡tail¡­plane¡¡may¡¡be¡¡mounted¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡fuselage¡¡at¡¡a¡¡wrong¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡case¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡corrected¡£¡¡If¡¡nose¡­heavy£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡given¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence¡£¡¡If¡¡tail¡­heavy£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡given¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡angle£»¡¡but¡¡care¡¡should¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡not¡¡to¡¡give¡¡it¡¡too¡¡great¡¡an¡¡angle£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡longitudinal¡¡stability¡¡entirely¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡tail¡­plane¡¡being¡¡set¡¡at¡¡a¡¡much¡¡smaller¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence¡¡than¡¡is¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡that¡¡difference¡¡is¡¡decreased¡¡too¡¡much£»¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡will¡¡become¡¡uncontrollable¡¡longitudinally¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡the¡¡tail¡­¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡mounted¡¡on¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡angle¡¡as¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡actually¡¡engages¡¡the¡¡air¡¡at¡¡a¡¡lesser¡¡angle£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡air¡¡being¡¡deflected¡¡downwards¡¡by¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡then£»¡¡in¡¡effect£»¡¡a¡¡longitudinal¡¡dihedral¡¡as¡¡explained¡¡and¡¡illustrated¡¡in¡¡Chapter¡¡I¡£


CLIMBS¡¡BADLY¡£Such¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡is£»¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡engine¡¡or¡¡propeller¡¡trouble£»¡¡probably¡¡due¡¡to¡¡£¨1£©¡¡distorted¡¡surfaces£»¡¡or¡¡£¨2£©¡¡too¡¡small¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence¡£


FLIGHT¡¡SPEED¡¡POOR¡£Such¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡is£»¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡engine¡¡or¡¡propeller¡¡trouble£»¡¡probably¡¡due¡¡to¡¡£¨1£©¡¡distorted¡¡surfaces£»¡¡£¨2£©¡¡too¡¡great¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡incidence£»¡¡or¡¡£¨3£©¡¡dirt¡¡or¡¡mud£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡excessive¡¡skin¡­friction¡£


INEFFICIENT¡¡CONTROL¡¡is¡¡probably¡¡due¡¡to¡¡£¨1£©¡¡wrong¡¡setting¡¡of¡¡control¡¡surfaces£»¡¡£¨2£©¡¡distortion¡¡of¡¡control¡¡surfaces£»¡¡or¡¡£¨3£©¡¡control¡¡cables¡¡being¡¡badly¡¡tensioned¡£


WILL¡¡NOT¡¡TAXI¡¡STRAIGHT¡£If¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡is¡¡uncontrollable¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡probably¡¡due¡¡to¡¡£¨1£©¡¡alignment¡¡of¡¡undercarriage¡¡being¡¡wrong£»¡¡or¡¡£¨2£©¡¡unequal¡¡tension¡¡of¡¡shock¡¡absorbers¡£



CHAPTER¡¡IV

THE¡¡PROPELLER£»¡¡OR¡¡¡®¡®AIR¡­SCREW''

The¡¡sole¡¡object¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡is¡¡to¡¡translate¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡into¡¡thrust¡£

The¡¡propeller¡¡screws¡¡through¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡blades£»¡¡being¡¡set¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡motion£»¡¡secure¡¡a¡¡reaction£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane's¡¡lifting¡¡surface¡£

This¡¡reaction¡¡may¡¡be¡¡conveniently¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡two¡¡component¡¡parts¡¡or¡¡values£»¡¡namely£»¡¡Thrust¡¡and¡¡Drift¡£

The¡¡Thrust¡¡is¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Drift¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡and¡¡opposite¡¡to¡¡it¡¡at¡¡flying¡¡speed¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡falls¡¡off¡¡in¡¡power£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡speed¡¡must¡¡decrease¡¡to¡¡a¡¡velocity£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡drift¡¡equals¡¡the¡¡decreased¡¡thrust¡£

The¡¡Drift¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡may¡¡be¡¡conveniently¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡the¡¡following¡¡component¡¡values£º


Active¡¡Drift£»¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡useful¡¡thrusting¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£


Passive¡¡Drift£»¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡all¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller£»¡¡i¡£e¡££»¡¡by¡¡its¡¡detrimental¡¡surface¡£


Skin¡¡Friction£»¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡friction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air¡¡with¡¡roughnesses¡¡of¡¡surface¡£


Eddies¡¡attending¡¡the¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£


Cavitation¡¡£¨very¡¡marked¡¡at¡¡excessive¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡revolution£©¡£¡¡A¡¡tendency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡cavity¡¡or¡¡semi¡­vacuum¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡revolves£»¡¡the¡¡thrust¡¡decreasing¡¡with¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡cavitation¡£


THRUST¡­DRIFT¡¡RATIO¡£The¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡thrust¡¡to¡¡drift¡¡is¡¡of¡¡paramount¡¡importance£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡expresses¡¡the¡¡efficiency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡following¡¡factors£º¡¡Speed¡¡of¡¡Revolution¡£The¡¡greater¡¡the¡¡speed£»¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡the¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡drift¡¡to¡¡thrust¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡increase¡¡with¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡passive¡¡drift£»¡¡which¡¡carries¡¡with¡¡it¡¡no¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡thrust¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡propellers¡¡are¡¡often¡¡geared¡¡down¡¡to¡¡revolve¡¡at¡¡a¡¡lower¡¡speed¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡engine¡£


Angle¡¡of¡¡Incidence¡£The¡¡same¡¡reasons¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡surface¡£

Surface¡¡Area¡£Ditto¡£

Aspect¡¡Ratio¡£Ditto¡£

Camber¡£Ditto¡£

In¡¡addition¡¡to¡¡the¡¡above¡¡factors¡¡there¡¡are£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡actually¡¡designing¡¡a¡¡propeller£»¡¡mechanical¡¡difficulties¡¡to¡¡consider¡£¡¡For¡¡instance£»¡¡the¡¡blades¡¡must¡¡be¡¡of¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡consequent¡¡thickness¡£¡¡That£»¡¡in¡¡itself£»¡¡limits¡¡the¡¡aspect¡¡ratio£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡will¡¡necessitate¡¡a¡¡chord¡¡long¡¡enough¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thickness¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡good¡¡camber¡¡possible¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡the¡¡diameter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡must¡¡be¡¡limited£»¡¡having¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡greater¡¡diameters¡¡than¡¡those¡¡used¡¡to¡­day¡¡would¡¡not¡¡only¡¡result¡¡in¡¡excessive¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡construction£»¡¡but¡¡would¡¡also¡¡necessitate¡¡a¡¡very¡¡high¡¡undercarriage¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡off¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡undercarriage¡¡would¡¡not¡¡only¡¡produce¡¡excessive¡¡drift£»¡¡but¡¡would¡¡also¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡stand¡¡on¡¡its¡¡nose¡¡when¡¡alighting¡£¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡difficulty¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡overcome¡¡by¡¡mounting¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡higher£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡its¡¡thrust¡¡must¡¡be¡¡approximately¡¡coincident¡¡with¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡aeroplane¡¡drift¡£


MAINTENANCE¡¡OF¡¡EFFICIENCY¡£


The¡¡following¡¡conditions¡¡must¡¡be¡¡observed£º


1¡£¡¡PITCH¡¡ANGLE¡£The¡¡angle£»¡¡at¡¡any¡¡given¡¡point¡¡on¡¡the¡¡propeller£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡blade¡¡is¡¡set¡¡is¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡angle£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡correct¡¡to¡¡half¡¡a¡¡degree¡¡if¡¡reasonable¡¡efficiency¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡maintained¡£

This¡¡angle¡¡secures¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®pitch£»''¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡advances¡¡during¡¡one¡¡revolution£»¡¡supposing¡¡the¡¡air¡¡to¡¡be¡¡solid¡£¡¡The¡¡air£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡fact£»¡¡gives¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thrust¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blades¡¡just¡¡as¡¡the¡¡pebbles¡¡slip¡¡back¡¡as¡¡one¡¡ascends¡¡a¡¡shingle¡¡beach¡£¡¡Such¡¡¡®¡®give¡­back''¡¡is¡¡known¡¡as¡¡Slip¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡propeller¡¡has¡¡a¡¡pitch¡¡of£»¡¡say£»¡¡10¡¡feet£»¡¡but¡¡actually¡¡advances£»¡¡say£»¡¡only¡¡8¡¡feet¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡slip£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡said¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡20¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡slip¡£

Thus£»¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡must¡¡equal¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡plus¡¡the¡¡slip¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡let¡¡us¡¡find¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡of¡¡a¡¡propeller£»¡¡given¡¡the¡¡following¡¡conditions£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Flying¡¡speed¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡70¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Propeller¡¡revolutions¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡per¡¡minute¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Slip¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£

First¡¡find¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡in¡¡feet¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡will¡¡travel¡¡forward¡¡in¡¡one¡¡minute¡£¡¡That¡¡is

¡¡¡¡¡¡369£»600¡¡feet¡¡£¨70¡¡miles£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡=¡¡6£»160¡¡feet¡¡per¡¡minute¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡60¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®¡¡£¨minutes£©


Now¡¡divide¡¡the¡¡feet¡¡per¡¡minute¡¡by¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡revolutions¡¡per¡¡minute£»¡¡add¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡for¡¡the¡¡slip£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡result¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡pitch£º

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6£»160¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡­¡¡£«¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡=¡¡5¡¡feet¡¡1¡¡3/5¡¡inches¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»200


In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡a¡¡constant¡¡pitch¡¡from¡¡root¡¡to¡¡tip¡¡of¡¡blade£»¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡angle¡¡decreases¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡tip¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blade¡¡travels¡¡faster¡¡than¡¡its¡¡root£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡must¡¡advance¡¡forward¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡speed¡¡as¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡two¡¡men¡¡ascending¡¡a¡¡hill¡£¡¡One¡¡prefers¡¡to¡¡walk¡¡fast¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡slowly£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡arrive¡¡at¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hill¡¡simultaneously¡£¡¡Then¡¡the¡¡fast¡¡walker¡¡must¡¡travel¡¡a¡¡farther¡¡distance¡¡than¡¡the¡¡slow¡¡one£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡path¡¡£¨pitch¡¡angle£©¡¡must¡¡be¡¡smaller¡¡than¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡path¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡the¡¡slow¡¡walker¡£¡¡Their¡¡pitch¡¡angles¡¡are¡¡different£»¡¡but¡¡their¡¡pitch¡¡£¨in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡altitude¡¡reached¡¡in¡¡a¡¡given¡¡time£©¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡£

In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡test¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡angle£»¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡must¡¡be¡¡mounted¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡shaft¡¡at¡¡right¡¡angles¡¡to¡¡a¡¡beam¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡perfectly¡¡level£»¡¡thus£º

First¡¡select¡¡a¡¡point¡¡on¡¡the¡¡blade¡¡at¡¡some¡¡distance¡¡£¨say¡¡about¡¡2¡¡feet£©¡¡from¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£¡¡At¡¡that¡¡point¡¡find£»¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡protractor£»¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡a¡¡projection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chord¡¡makes¡¡with¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beam¡£¡¡That¡¡angle¡¡is¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blade¡¡at¡¡that¡¡point¡£

Now¡¡lay¡¡out¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡on¡¡paper£»¡¡thus£º

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Now¡¡find¡¡the¡¡circumference¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡where¡¡the¡¡pitch¡¡angle¡¡is¡¡being¡¡tested¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡if¡¡that¡¡place¡¡is¡¡2¡¡feet¡¡radius¡¡from¡¡the¡¡centre£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡circumference¡¡will¡¡be¡¡2¡¡feet¡¡X¡¡2¡¡=¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡diameter£»¡¡which£»¡¡if¡¡multiplied¡¡by¡¡3¡£1416¡¡=¡¡15¡£56¡¡feet¡¡circumference¡£

Now¡¡mark¡¡off¡¡the¡¡circumference¡¡distance£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡represented¡¡above¡¡by¡¡A¡­B£»¡¡and¡¡reduce¡¡it¡¡in¡¡scale¡¡for¡¡convenience¡£

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The¡¡propeller¡¡should¡¡be¡¡tested¡¡at¡¡several¡¡points£»¡¡about¡¡a¡¡foot¡¡apart£»¡¡on¡¡each¡¡blade£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡diagram£»¡¡provided¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡is¡¡not¡¡faulty£»¡¡will¡¡then¡¡look¡¡like¡¡this£º

At¡¡each¡¡point¡¡tested¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡pitch¡¡coincides¡¡with¡¡the¡¡specified¡¡pitch£º¡¡a¡¡satisfactory¡¡condition¡£

A¡¡faulty¡¡propeller¡¡will¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡diagram¡¡something¡¡like¡¡this£º


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