嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on revenues(飽辺)-及2何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



     ��6�А  �Or�察   �instead   of   finding   themselves   brigaded   as   nowadays   with   a 

motley crew of Lydians�察─�etc。 

     ��7�А�Zurborg�察�after Cobet�察�omits the words so rendered。 

     ��8�А�See ;Hipparch。; ix。 3�察�where Xenophon in almost identical words 

recommends         that  reform。     In   the   next   place�察  �seeing    that   there   are  at 

present   numerous   building   sites   within   the   city   walls   as   yet   devoid   of 

houses�察 �supposing   the   state   were   to   make   free   grants   of   such   land��9�А  �to 

foreigners for building purposes in cases where there could be no doubt as 

to   the   respectability  of   the   applicant�察  �if   I   am  not   mistaken�察  �the   result   of 

such   a   measure   will   be   that   a   larger   number   of   persons�察  �and   of   a   better 

class�察�will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence。 

     ��9�А�Or�察 �offer the fee simple of such property to。; 

     Lastly�察�if   we   could   bring ourselves to   appoint�察 �as   a   new government 

office�察  �a   board   of   guardians   of   foreign   residents   like   our   Guardians   of 

Orphans�撮�10�А       �with   special    privileges    assigned     to  those   guardians     who 

should show on their books the greatest number of resident aliens such a 

measure would tend to improve the goodwill of the class in question�察�and 

in all probability all people without a city of their own would aspire to the 

status of foreign residents in Athens�察�and so further increase the revenues 

of the city。��11�А�

     ��10�А   �The Archon   was   the   legal   protector   of   all   orphans。   It   was   his 

duty to appoint guardians�察�if none were named in the father's                         will。; 



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C。   R。  Kennedy�察   �Note   to  ;Select  Speeches    of  Demosthenes。;           The 

orphans     of  those   who    had   fallen  in  the   war   ��Thuc。    ii。  46��  were 

specially cared for。 

    ��11�А�Or�察 �help to swell the state exchequer。; 



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                                              III 



     At this point I propose to offer some remarks in proof of the attractions 

and advantages of Athens as a centre of commercial enterprise。 In the first 

place�察   �it  will  hardly    be  denied    that   we   possess    the   finest  and   safest 

harbourage for shipping�察�where vessels of all sorts can come to moorings 

and    be   laid  up   in  absolute    security��1�А   �as   far  as  stress   of  weather     is 

concerned。   But   further   than   that�察  �in   most   states   the   trader   is   under   the 

necessity     of   lading   his  vessel    with   some    merchandise��2�А       �or  other   in 

exchange for his cargo�察�since the current coin��3�А�has no circulation beyond 

the frontier。 But at Athens he has a choice�此�he can either in return for his 

wares export a variety of goods�察�such as human beings seek after�察�or�察�if he 

does   not   desire   to   take   goods   in   exchange   for   goods�察  �he   has   simply   to 

export silver�察�and he cannot have a more excellent freight to export�察�since 

wherever he likes to sell it he may look to realise a large percentage on his 

capital。��4�А�

     ��1�А  �Reading   ��adeos��   after   Cobet�察  �or   if   ��edeos���察  �transl。   ;in   perfect 

comfort。; 

     ��2�А�Or�察 �of exchanging cargo for cargo to the exclusion of specie。; 

     ��3�А  �I。e。   of   the   particular   locality。   See   ;The   Types   of   Greek   Coins�察─�

Percy Gardner�察�ch。 ii。 ;International Currencies among the                       Greeks。; 

     ��4�А�Or�察 �on the original outlay。; 

     Or again�察�supposing prizes��5�А�were offered to the magistrates in charge 

of    the   market��6�А    �for  equitable     and   speedy     settlements     of   points   in 

dispute��7�А�to enable any one so wishing to proceed on his voyage without 

hindrance�察�the result would be that far more traders would trade with us 

and with greater satisfaction。 

     ��5�А�Cf。 ;Hiero�察─�ix。 6�察�7�察�11�察 �Hipparch。; i。 26。 

     ��6�А   。�to   tou   emporiou       arkhe��。    Probably      he   is  referring    to   the 

��epimeletai emporiou�� ��overseers of the market��。 See Harpocr。                            s。v。�察�

Aristot。 ;Athenian Polity�察─�51。 

     ��7�А  �For   the   sort   of   case�察  �see   Demosth。   ��or   Deinarch。��   ;c。   Theocr。; 

1324�察�Zurborg ad loc。�察�Boeckh�察�I。 ix。 xv。 ��pp。 48�察�81�察�Eng。 tr。�� 

     It would indeed be a good and noble institution to pay special marks of 



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honour�察     �such    as   the   privilege     of   the   front    seat�察  �to   merchants      and 

shipowners�察  �and   on   occasion   to   invite   to   hospitable   entertainment   those 

who�察  �through   something   notable   in   the   quality   of   ship   or   merchandise�察�

may claim to have done the state a service。 The recipients of these honours 

will rush into our arms as friends�察�not only under the incentive of gain�察�but 

of distinction also。 

     Now   the   greater   the   number   of   people   attracted   to Athens   either   as 

visitors or as residents�察�clearly the greater the development of imports and 

exports。 More goods will be sent out of the country�撮�8�А�there will be more 

buying   and   selling�察  �with   a   consequent   influx   of   money   in   the   shape   of 

rents to individuals and dues and customs to the state exchequer。 And to 

secure this augmentation of the revenues�察�mind you�察�not the outlay of one 

single penny�察�nothing needed beyond one or two philanthropic measures 

and certain details of supervision。��9�А�

     ��8�А�See Zurborg�察 �Comm。; p。 24。 

     ��9�А�See Aristot。 ;Pol。; iv。 15�察�3。 

     With   regard   to   the   other   sources   of   revenue   which   I   contemplate�察  �I 

admit�察�it is different。 For these I recognise the necessity of a capital��10�А�to 

begin with。 I am not�察�however�察�without good hope that the citizens of this 

state will contribute heartily to such an object�察�when I reflect on the large 

sums   subscribed   by   the   state   on   various   late   occasions�察  �as�察  �for   instance�察�

when   reinforcements   were   sent   to   the Arcadians   under   the   command   of 

Lysistratus�撮�11�А�and again at the date of the generalship of Hegesileos。��12�А�

I   am   well   aware   that   ships   of   war   are   frequently   despatched   and   that 

too��13�А�although it is uncertain whether the venture will be for the better 

or   for   the   worse�察  �and   the   only   certainty   is   that   the   contributor   will   not 

recover   the   sum   subscribed   nor   have   any   further   share   in   the   object   for 

which he gave his contribution。��14�А�

     ��10�А �A starting´point。; 

     ��11�А�B。C。 366�察�cf。 ;Hell。; VII。 iv。 3。 

     ��12�А  �B。C。     362�察  �cf。  ;Hell。;    VII。   v。  15。   See   Grote�察    �H。   G。;   x。  459�察�

Ephor。      ap。   Diog。    Laert。    ii。  54�察  �Diod。     Sic。   xv。   84�察  �Boeckh�察     �ap。   L。 

Dindorf。 Xenophon's son Gryllus served under him and was slain。 

     ��13�А�Reading ��kai tauta toutout men adelou ontos���察�after Zurborg。 



                                                   9 


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     ��14�А�Reading ����uper�А�on an eisenegkosi�� with Zurborg。 See his note�察�

;Comm。; p。 25。 

     But for a sound investment��15�А�I know of nothing comparable with the 

initial outlay to form this fund。��16�А�Any one whose contribution amounts 

to ten minae��17�А�may look forward to a return as high as he would get on 

bottomry�察�of nearly one´fifth�撮�18�А�as the recipient of three obols a day。 The 

contributor of five minae��19�А�will on the same principle get more than a 

third�撮�20�А�while the majority of Athenians will get more than cent per cent 

on their contribution。 That is to say�察�a subscription of one mina��21�А�will 

put the subscriber in possession of nearly double that sum�撮�22�А�and that�察�

moreover�察  �without   setting   foot   outside   Athens�察  �which�察  �as   far   as   human 

affairs go�察�is as sound and durable a security as possible。 

     ��15�А �A good substantial property。; 

     ��16�А  �Or�察   �on   the   other   hand�察  �I   affirm   that   the   outlay   necessary   to 

form     the   capital   for  my    present    project    will  be   more    remunerative 

than any other that can be named。; As to the scheme itself see                       Grote�察�

;Plato�察─�III。 ch。 xxxix。�察�Boeckh�察�op。 cit。 ��pp。 4�察�37�察�136�察                �600 seq。 Eng。 

tr。��   Cf。   Demosth。   ;de   Sym。;   for   another   scheme�察  �354          B。C。�察  �which 

shows      the  ;sound    administrative      and   practical         judgment;       of  the 

youthful orator as compared with ;the benevolent                      dreams and ample 

public largess in which Xenophon here indulges。;                      Grote�察�op。 cit。 p。 

601。 

     ��17�А�L40��12��4 = 1000 drachmae。 

     ��18�А  �I。e。   exactly   18   or   nearly   20   per   cent。   The   following   table   will 

make the arithmetic clear�此�

                 6   ob。   =   1  drachma                      10    minae    =   6000    ob。 

100 dr。 = 1 mina                                         = 1000 dr。              600 ob。 = 

1 mina        1000 dr。��180 dr。�今�100��18 therefore nearly 1/5                  3 ob。 ��a day�� 

x     360     =    1080     ob。    p。a。                  =     nearly     20     per    cent。 

=    180 dr。 p。a。 

           As   to   the   3   obols   a   day   ��=   180   dr。   p。a。��   which   as   an Athenian 

citizen he is entitled to�察�see Grote�察�op。 cit。 p。 597�此 �There will                     be a 

regular distribution among all   citizens�察�per head and          
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��