嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on revenues(飽辺)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



of   us�察  �and   as   to   what   belongs   to   past   history�察  �if   we   are   to   believe   the 

testimony of our fathers�撮�10�А�things were then much of a piece with what 

is going on now。 No�察�what is really marvellous is that the state�察�with the 

fact of so many private persons growing wealthy at her expense�察�and under 

her very eyes�察�should have failed to imitate them。 It is an old story�察�trite 

enough to those of us who have cared to attend to it�察�how once on a time 

Nicias�察�the son of Niceratus�察�owned a thousand men in the silver mines�撮�11�А�

whom he let out to Sosias�察�a Thracian�察�on the following terms。 Sosias was 

to pay him a net obol a day�察�without charge or deduction�察�for every slave 

of    the  thousand�察    �and   be��12�А   �responsible     for  keeping    up   the   number 

perpetually at that figure。 So again Hipponicus��13�А�had six hundred slaves 

let out on the same principle�察�which brought him in a net mina��14�А�a day 

without   charge   or   deduction。   Then   there   was   Philemonides�察  �with   three 

hundred�察�bringing him in half a mina�察�and others�察�I make no doubt there 

were�察    �making     profits  in   proportion    to   their  respective    resources     and 

capital。��15�А�But there is no need to revert to ancient history。 At the present 



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moment there are hundreds of human beings in the mines let out on the 

same principle。��16�А�And given that my proposal were carried into effect�察�

the   only   novelty    in  it  is  that�察 �just  as  the  individual    in  acquiring    the 

ownership   of   a   gang     of   slaves   finds   himself   at   once   provided   with   a 

permanent source of income�察�so the state�察�in like fashion�察�should possess 

herself of a body of public slaves�察�to the number�察�say�察�of three for every 

Athenian   citizen。��17�А�As   to   the   feasability   of   our   proposals�察  �I   challenge 

any one whom it   may concern to test the scheme point by point�察�and   to 

give his verdict。 

     ��10�А  �Reading   ��para   ton   pateron���察  �with   Zurborg�察  �after   Wilamowitz´ 

Mollendorf。 

     ��11�А�See   ;Mem。;   II。  v。  2�察  �Plut。 ;Nicias�察─�4�察 �Athen。;   vi。  272。  See   an 

important        criticism     of    Boeckh's       view     by     Cornewall        Lewis�察�

translation of ;P。 E。 A。; p。 675 foll。 

     ��12�А   �Reading     ��parekhein���察     �or   if  ��pareikhen���察     �transl。  ;whilst    he 

himself kept up the number。; See H。 hagen in ;Journ。 Philol。; x。                        19�察�

pp。 34´36�察�also Zurborg�察 �Comm。; p。 28。 

     ��13�А�Son of Callias。 

     ��14�А�= L4��1��3 = 600 ob。 

     ��15�А  �Or�察   �whose   incomes   would   vary   in   proportion   to   their   working 

capital。; 

     ��16�А�See Jebb�察 �Theophr。; xxvi。 21。 

     ��17�А   �According      to  the   ancient   authorities    the   citizens   of  Athens 

numbered       about   21��000    at  this  date�察  �which    would    give   about   63��000 

as    the  number     of   state´slaves    contemplated      for  the   purposes     of  the 

scheme。   See   Zurborg�察   �Comm。;   p。   29。   ;At   a   census   taken   in   B。C。   309 

the   number     of  slaves   was    returned    at  400��000�察   �and   it  does  not   seem 

likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical                    period。;´ 

´;A    Companion       to  School    Classics;    ��James     Gow���察   �p。  101�察        �xiii。 

;Population of Attica。; 

     With regard to the price then of the men themselves�察�it is obvious that 

the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than any private 

individuals。   What   can   be   easier   than     for   the   Council��18�А  �to  invite   by 

public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring their slaves�察�and to 



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buy     up  those    produced�拭     �Assuming       the  purchase     to   be  effected�察   �is  it 

credible that people will hesitate to hire from the state rather than from the 

private owner�察�and actually on the same terms�拭�People have at all events 

no hesitation at present in hiring consecrated grounds�察�sacred victims�撮�19�А�

houses�察�etc。�察�or in purchasing the right of farming taxes from the state。 To 

ensure the preservation of the purchased property�察�the treasury can take the 

same     securities    precisely     from   the   lessee   as   it  does   from    those   who 

purchase the right of farming its taxes。 Indeed�察�fraudulent dealing is easier 

on the   part   of   the   man   who   has purchased   such   a   right than of   the   man 

who   hires   slaves。   Since   it   is   not   easy   to   see   how   the   exportation��20�А  �of 

public   money   is   to   be   detected�察  �when   it   differs   in   no   way   from   private 

money。 Whereas it will take a clever thief to make off with these slaves�察�

marked   as   they   will   be   with   the   public   stamp�察  �and   in   face   of   a   heavy 

penalty  attached   at   once   to   the   sale   and   exportation   of   them。   Up   to   this 

point then it would appear feasible enough for the state to acquire property 

in men and to keep a safe watch over them。��21�А�

     ��18�А  �Or�察   �senate。;   See Aristot。   ;Athen。   Pol。;   for   the   functions   of   the 

Boule。 

     ��19�А�So Zurborg。 See Demosth。 ;in Mid。; 570�察�Boeckh�察 �P。 E。 A。; II。 

xii。 ��p。 212�察�Eng。 tr。�� See Arnold's note to ;Thuc。; iii。 50�察�7。 

     ��20�А�Or�察 �diversation�察─ �defalcation。; 

     ��21�А  �Or�察    �as  far  as   that  goes�察  �then�察  �there   is  nothing    apparently   to 

prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves�察�and                       safeguarding 

the property so acquired。; 

     But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself to 

the mind of some one�此�what guarantee is there that�察�along with the increase 

in the supply of labourers�察�there will be a corrsponding demand for their 

services on the part of contractors�殖�22�А�It may be reassuring to note�察�first 

of    all�察 �that   many     of  those    who     have    already    embarked       on   mining 

operations��23�А�will be anxious to increase their staff of labourers by hiring 

some      of  these   public    slaves    ��remember�察     �they   have    a  large   capital    at 

stake�撮�24�А     �and   again�察  �many     of   the  actual    labourers    now     engaged     are 

growing       old���察  �and    secondly�察    �there   are   many     others�察   �Athenians      and 

foreigners alike�察�who�察�though unwilling and indeed incapable of working 



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physically in the mines�察�will be glad enough to earn a livelihood by their 

wits as superintendents。��25�А�

     ��22�А  �Or�察   �with   this   influx   ��multiplying��   of   labourers   there   will   be   a 

corresponding        increase    in  the   demand      for  labour    on   the   part   of  the 

lessees。; 

     ��23�А�Or�察 �got their mining establishments started。; 

     ��24�А�Or�察 �of course they will�察�considering the amount of fixed capital 

at stake�察─�or�察 �since they have large resources at their back。; I                        have 

adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence。 

     ��25�А�See ;Mem。; II。 viii。 1�察�for an illustrative case。 

     Let   it   be   granted�察  �however�察  �that   at   first   a   nucleus   of   twelve   hundred 

slaves   is   formed。   It   is   hardly   too   sanguine   a   supposition   that   out   of   the 

profits alone�撮�26�А�within five or six years this number may be increased to 

at least six thousand。 Again�察�out of that number of six thousandsupposing 

each   slave   to   being   in   an   obol   a   day   clear   of   all   expenseswe   get   a 

revenue of sixty talents   a year。 And supposing  twenty talents out of  this 

sum laid out on the purchase of more slaves�察�there will be forty talents left 

for the state to apply to any other purpose it may find advisable。 By the 

time the round number��27�А�of ten thousand is reached the yearly income 

will amount to a hundred talents。 

     ��26�А �Out of the income so derived。; 

     ��27�А�Or�察 �full complement。; 

     As a matter of fact�察�the state will receive much more than these figures 

represent�撮�28�А  �as   any  one   here   will   bear   me   witness   who   can   remember 

what     the  dues��29�А  �derived      from   slaves    realised    before   the   troubles    at 

Decelea。��30�А�Testimony to the same effect is borne by the fact�察�that in spite 

of   the   countless   number   of   human   beings   employed   in   the   silver   mines 

within     the    whole     period�撮�31�А    �the   mines     present     exactly    the   same 

appearance to´day as they did within the recollection of our forefathers。��32�А�

And once more everything that is taking place to´day tends to prove that�察�

whatever the number of slaves employed�察�you will never have more than 

the works can easily absorb。 The miners find no limit of depth in sinking 

shafts or laterally in piercing galleries。 To open cuttings in new directions 

to´day is just as possible as it was in former times。 In fact no one can take 



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on himself to say whether there is more ore in the regions already cut into�察�

or   in   those   where   the   pick   has   not   yet   struck。��33�А  �Well   then�察  �it   may   be 

asked�察�why is it that there is not the same rush to make new cuttings now 

as in former times�拭�The answer is�察�because the people concerned with the 

mines are poorer nowadays。 The attempt to restart operations�察�renew plant�察�

etc。�察�is of recent date�察�and any one who ventures to open up a new area 

runs   a   considera
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��