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   BOOK II�此�OF THEIR TRADES�察�AND MANNER OF LIFE





      AGRICULTURE is that which is so universally understood among them 


      that no person�察�either man or woman�察�is ignorant of it�察�they are 


      instructed in it from their childhood�察�partly by what they learn 


      at school and partly by practice�察�they being led out often into 


      the fields�察�about the town�察�where they not only see others at 


      work�察�but are likewise exercised in it themselves。 Besides 


      agriculture�察�which is so common to them all�察�every man has some 


      peculiar trade to which he applies himself�察�such as the 


      manufacture of wool�察�or flax�察�masonry�察�smith's work�察�or 


      carpenter's work�察�for there is no sort of trade that is not in 


      great esteem among them。 Throughout the island they wear the same 


      sort of clothes without any other distinction�察�except what is 


      necessary to distinguish the two sexes�察�and the married and 


      unmarried。 The fashion never alters�察�and as it is neither 


      disagreeable nor uneasy�察�so it is suited to the climate�察�and 


      calculated both for their summers and winters。 Every family makes 


      their own clothes�察�but all among them�察�women as well as men�察�learn 


      one or other of the trades formerly mentioned。 Women�察�for the most 


      part�察�deal in wool and flax�察�which suit best with their weakness�察�


      leaving the ruder trades to the men。 The same trade generally 


      passes down from father to son�察�inclinations often following 


      descent�察�but if any man's genius lies another way�察�he is by 


      adoption translated into a family that deals in the trade to which 


      he is inclined�此�and when that is to be done�察�care is taken not 


      only by his father�察�but by the magistrate�察�that he may be put to a 


      discreet and good man。 And if after a person has learned one 


      trade�察�he desires to acquire another�察�that is also allowed�察�and is 


      managed in the same manner as the former。 When he has learned 


      both�察�he follows that which he likes best�察�unless the public has 


      more occasion for the other。





      The chief�察�and almost the only business of the syphogrants�察�is to 


      take care that no man may live idle�察�but that every one may follow 


      his trade diligently�此�yet they do not wear themselves out with 


      perpetual toil�察�from morning to night�察�as if they were beasts of 


      burden�察�which�察�as it is indeed a heavy slavery�察�so it is 


      everywhere the common course of life among all mechanics except 


      the Utopians�察�but they dividing the day and night into twenty´four 


      hours�察�appoint six of these for work�察�three of which are before 


      dinner�察�and three after。 They then sup�察�and at eight o'clock�察�


      counting from noon�察�go to bed and sleep eight hours。 The rest of 


      their time besides that taken up in work�察�eating and sleeping�察�is 


      left to every man's discretion�察�yet they are not to abuse that 


      interval to luxury and idleness�察�but must employ it in some proper 


      exercise according to their various inclinations�察�which is for the 


      most part reading。 It is ordinary to have public lectures every 


      morning before daybreak�察�at which none are obliged to appear but 


      those who are marked out for literature�察�yet a great many�察�both 


      men and women of all ranks�察�go to hear lectures of one sort of 


      other�察�according to their inclinations。 But if others�察�that are 


      not made for contemplation�察�choose rather to employ themselves at 


      that time in their trades�察�as many of them do�察�they are not 


      hindered�察�but are rather commended�察�as men that take care to serve 


      their country。 After supper�察�they spend an hour in some diversion�察�


      in summer in their gardens�察�and in winter in the halls where they 


      eat�察�where they entertain each other�察�either with music or 


      discourse。 They do not so much as know dice�察�or any such foolish 


      and mischievous games�此�they have�察�however�察�two sorts of games not 


      unlike our chess�察�the one is between several numbers�察�in which one 


      number�察�as it were�察�consumes another�此�the other resembles a battle 


      between the virtues and the vices�察�in which the enmity in the 


      vices among themselves�察�and their agreement against virtue�察�is not 


      unpleasantly represented�察�together with the special oppositions 


      between the particular virtues and vices�察�as also the methods by 


      which vice either openly assaults or secretly undermines virtue�察�


      and virtue on the other hand resists it。 But the time appointed 


      for labor is to be narrowly examined�察�otherwise you may imagine�察�


      that since there are only six hours appointed for work�察�they may 


      fall under a scarcity of necessary provisions。 But it is so far 


      from being true�察�that this time is not sufficient for supplying 


      them with plenty of all things�察�either necessary or convenient�察�


      that it is rather too much�察�and this you will easily apprehend�察�if 


      you consider how great a part of all other nations is quite idle。





      First�察�women generally do little�察�who are the half of mankind�察�and 


      if some few women are diligent�察�their husbands are idle�此�then 


      consider the great company of idle priests�察�and of those that are 


      called religious men�察�add to these all rich men�察�chiefly those 


      that have estates in land�察�who are called noblemen and gentlemen�察�


      together with their families�察�made up of idle persons�察�that are 


      kept more for show than use�察�add to these�察�all those strong and 


      lusty beggars�察�that go about pretending some disease�察�in excuse 


      for their begging�察�and upon the whole account you will find that 


      the number of those by whose labors mankind is supplied�察�is much 


      less than you perhaps imagined。 Then consider how few of those 


      that work are employed in labors that are of real service�察�for we 


      who measure all things by money�察�give rise to many trades that are 


      both vain and superfluous�察�and serve only to support riot and 


      luxury。 For if those who work were employed only in such things as 


      the conveniences of life require�察�there would be such an abundance 


      of them that the prices of them would so sink that tradesmen could 


      not be maintained by their gains�察�if all those who labor about 


      useless things were set to more profitable employments�察�and if all 


      they that languish out their lives in sloth and idleness�察�every 


      one of whom consumes as much as any two of the men that are at 


      work�察�were forced to labor�察�you may easily imagine that a small 


      proportion of time would serve for doing all that is either 


      necessary�察�profitable�察�or pleasant to mankind�察�especially while 


      pleasure is kept within its due bounds。





      This appears very plainly in Utopia�察�for there�察�in a great city�察�


      and in all the territory that lies round it�察�you can scarce find 


      500�察�either men or women�察�by their age and strength�察�are capable 


      of labor�察�that are not engaged in it�察�even the syphogrants�察�though 


      excused by the law�察�yet do not excuse themselves�察�but work�察�that 


      by their examples they may excite the industry of the rest of the 


      people。 The like exemption is allowed to those who�察�being 


      recommended to the people by the priests�察�are by the secret 


      suffrages of the syphogrants privileged from labor�察�that they may 


      apply themselves wholly to study�察�and if any of these fall short 


      of those hopes that they seemed at first to give�察�they are obliged 


      to return to work。 And sometimes a mechanic�察�that so employs his 


      leisure hours�察�as to make a considerable advancement in learning�察�


      is eased from being a tradesman�察�and ranked among their learned 


      men。 Out of these they choose their ambassadors�察�their priests�察�


      their tranibors�察�and the prince himself�察�anciently called their 


      Barzenes�察�but is called of late their Ademus。





      And thus from the great numbers among them that are neither 


      suffered to be idle�察�nor to be employed in any fruitless labor�察�


      you may easily make the estimate how much may be done in those few 


      hours in which they are obliged to labor。 But besides all that has 


      been already said�察�it is to be considered that the needful arts 


      among them are managed with less labor than anywhere else。 The 


      building or the repairing of houses among us employ many hands�察�


      because often a thriftless heir suffers a house that his father 


      built to fall into decay�察�so that his successor must�察�at a great 


      cost�察�repair that which he might have kept up with a small charge�此�


      it frequently happens that the same house which one person built 


      at a vast expense is neglected by another�察�who thinks he has a 


      more delicate sense of the beauties of architecture�察�and he 


      suffering it to fall to ruin�察�builds another at no less charge。 


      But among the Utopians all things are so regulated that men very 


      seldom build upon a new piece of ground�察�and are not only very 


      quick in repairing their houses�察�but show their foresight in 


      preventing their decay�此�so that their buildings are preserved very 


      long�察�with but little labor�察�and thus the builders to whom that 


      care belongs are often without employment�察�except the hewing of 


      timber and the squaring of stones�察�that the materials may be in 


      readiness for raising a building very suddenly when there is any 


      occasion for it。





      As to their clothes�察�observe how little work is spent in them�此�


      while they are at labor�察�they are clothed with leather and skins。 


      cast carelessly about them�察�which will last seven years�察�and when 

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