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itself on the same grounds�察�its increments being governed by the same

laws which determine those of the different degrees of the meridian。




        In a pendulum loaded with a Bob�察�some difficulty occurs in

finding the centre of oscillation�察�and consequently the distance

between that and the point of suspension。  To lessen this�察�it has

been proposed to substitute for the pendulum�察�a cylindrical rod of

small diameter�察�in which the displacement of the centre of

oscillation would be lessened。  It has also been proposed to prolong

the suspending wire of the pendulum below the Bob�察�until their

centres of oscillation shall coincide。  But these propositions not

appearing to have received general approbation�察�we recur to the

pendulum�察�suspended and charged as has been usual。  And the rather as

the the laws which determine the centre of oscillation leave no room

for error in finding it�察�other than that minimum in practice to which

all operations are subject in their execution。  The other sources of

inaccuracy in the length of the pendulum need not be mentioned��

because easily guarded against。  But the great and decisive

superiority of the pendulum�察�as a standard of measure�察�is in its

accessibility to all men�察�at all times and in all places。  To obtain

the second pendulum for 45 degrees it is not necessary to go actually

to that latitude。  Having ascertained its length in our own parallel��

both theory and observation give us a law for ascertaining the

difference between that and the pendulum of any other。  To make a new

measure therefore�察�or verify an old one�察�nothing is necessary in any

place but a well´regulated time´piece�察�or a good meridian�察�and such a

knowledge of the subject as is common in all civilized nations。




 

        Those indeed who have preferred the other element�察�do justice

to the certainty�察�as well as superior facilities of the pendulum�察�by

proposing to recur to one of the length of their standard�察�and to

ascertain its number of vibrations in a day。  These being once known��

if any accident impair their standard it is to be recoved by means of

a pendulum which shall make the requisite number of vibrations in a

day。  And among the several commissions established by the Academy of

Sciences for the execution of the several branches of their work on

measures and weights�察�that respecting the pendulum was assigned to

Messrs。 Borda�察�Coulomb & Cassini�察�the result of whose labors��

however�察�I have not learned。




        Let our unit of measures then be a pendulum of such length as

in the latitude of 45 degrees�察�in the level of the ocean�察�and in a

given temperature�察�shall perform its vibrations�察�in small and equal

arcs�察�in one second of mean time。




        What ratio shall we adopt for the parts and multiples of this

unit�拭 �The decimal without a doubt。  Our arithmatic being founded in

a decimal numeration�察�the same numeration in a system of measures��

weights and coins�察�tallies at once with that。  On this question�察�I

believe�察�there has been no difference of opinion。




        In measures of length�察�then�察�the pendulum is our unit。  It is a

little more than our yard and less than the ell。  Its tenth or dime��

will not be quite 。4 inches。  Its hundredth�察�or cent�察�not quite 。4 of

an inch�察�its thousandth�察�or mill�察�not quite 。04 of an inch�察�and so

on。  The traveller will count his road by a longer measure。  1��000

units�察�or a kiliad�察�will not be quite two´thirds of our present mile��

and more nearly a thousand paces than that。




        For measures of surface�察�the square unit�察�equal to about ten

square feet�察�or one´ninth more than a square yard�察�will be generally

convenient。  But for those of lands a larger measure will be wanted。

A kiliad would be not quite a rood�察�or quarter of an acre�察�a myriad

not quite 2 1/2 acres。




        For measures of capacity�察�wet and dry��




        The cubic Unit = 。1 would be about 。35 cubic feet�察 �28 bushels

dry�察�or 7/8 of a ton liquid。

        Dime = 。1 would be about 3。5 cubic feet�察�2。8 bushels�察�or about

7/8 of a barrel liquid。

        Cent = 。01 about 50 cubic inches�察�or 7/8 of a quart。

        Mill = 。001 = 。5 of a cubic inch�察�or 2/3 of a gill。




        To incorporate into the same system our weights and coins�察�we

must recur to some natural substance�察�to be found everywhere�察�and of

a composition sufficiently uniform。  Water has been considered as the

most eligible substance�察�and rain´water more nearly uniform than any

other kind found in nature。  That circumstance renders it preferable

to distilled water�察�and its variations in weight may be called

insensible。




        The cubic unit of this = 。1 would weigh about 2��165 lbs。 or a

ton between the long and short。

                 The Dime = 。1 a little more than 2。 kentals。

                     Cent = 。01 a little more than 20 lb。

                     Mill = 。001 a little more than 2 lb。

                 Decimmil = 。0001 about 3 1/2 oz。 avoirdupoise。

                Centimmil = 。00001 a little more than 6 dwt。

                Millionth = 。000001 about 15 grains。

           Decimmillionth = 。0000001 about 1 1/2 grains。

          Centimmillionth = 。00000001 about 。14 of a grain。

                Billionth = 。000000001 about 。014 of a grain。




        With respect to our coins�察�the pure silver in a dollar being

fixed by law at 347 1/4 grains�察�and all debts and contracts being

bottomed on that value�察�we can only state the pure silver in the

dollar�察�which would be very nearly 23 millionths。




        I have used loose and round numbers ��the exact unit being yet

undetermined�� merely to give a general idea of the measures and

weights proposed�察�when compared with those we now use。  And in the

names of the subdivisions I have followed the metrology of the

ordinance of Congress of 1786�察�which for their series below unit

adopted the Roman numerals。  For that above unit the Grecian is

convenient�察�and has been adopted in the new French system。




        We come now to our last question�察�in what form shall we offer

this metrical system to the world�拭 �In some one which shall be

altogether unassuming�察�which shall not have the appearance of taking

the lead among our sister institutions in making a general

proposition。  So jealous is the spirit of equality in the republic of

letters�察�that the smallest excitement of that would mar our views��

however salutary for all。  We are in habits of correspondence with

some of these institutions�察�and identity of character and of object��

authorize our entering into correspondence with all。  Let us then

mature our system as far as can be done at present�察�by ascertaining

the length of the second pendulum of 45 degrees by forming two

tables�察�one of which shall give the equivalent of every different

denomination of measures�察�weights and coins in these States�察�in the

unit of that pendulum�察�its decimals and multiples�察�and the other

stating the equivalent of all the decimal parts and multiples of that

pendulum�察�in the several denominations of measures�察�weights and coins

of our existing system。  This done�察�we might communicate to one or

more of these institutions in every civilized country a copy of those

tables�察�stating as our motive�察�the difficulty we had experienced�察�and

often the impossibility of ascertaining the value of the measures��

weights and coins of other countries�察�expressed in any standard which

we possess�察�that desirous of being relieved from this�察�and of

obtaining information which could be relied on for the purposes of

science�察�as well as of business�察�we had concluded to ask it from the

learned societies of other nations�察�who are especially qualified to

give it with the requisite accuracy�察�that in making this request we

had thought it our duty first to do ourselves�察�and to offer to

others�察�what we meant to ask from them�察�by stating the value of our

own measures�察�weights and coins�察�in some unit of measure already

possessed�察�or easily obtainable�察�by all nations�察�that the pendulum

vibrating seconds of mean time�察�presents itself as such an unit�察�its

length being determined by the laws of nature�察�and easily

ascertainable at all times and places�察�that we have thought that of

45 degrees would be the most unexceptionable�察�as being a mean of all

other parallels�察�and open to actual trial in both hemispheres。  In

this�察�therefore�察�as an unit�察�and in its parts and multiples in the

decimal ratio�察�we have expressed�察�in the tables communicated�察�the

value of all the measures�察�weights and coins used in the United

States�察�and we ask in return from their body a table of the weights��

measures and coins in use within their country�察�expressed in the

parts and multiples of the same unit。  Having requested the same

favor from the learned societies of other nations�察�our object is��

with their assistance�察�to place within the reach of our fellow

citizens at large a perfect knowledge of the measures�察�weights and

coins of the countries with which they have commercial or friendly

intercourse�察�and should the societies of other countries interchange

their respective tables�察�the learned will be in possession of an

uniform language in measures�察�weights and coins�察�which may with time

become useful to other descriptions of their citizens�察�and even to

their governments。  This�察�however�察�will rest with their pleasure�察�not

presuming�察�in the present proposition�察�to extend our views beyond the

limits of our own nation。  I offer this sketch merely as the outline

of the kind of communication which I should hope would excite no

jealousy or repugnance。




        Peculiar circumstances�察�however�察�would require letters of a

more special character to the Institute of France�察�and the Royal

Society of England。  The magnificent work which France has executed

in the admeasurement of so large a portion of the meridian�察�has a

claim to great respect in our reference to it。  We should only ask 
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