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itself on the same grounds�察�its increments being governed by the same
laws which determine those of the different degrees of the meridian。
In a pendulum loaded with a Bob�察�some difficulty occurs in
finding the centre of oscillation�察�and consequently the distance
between that and the point of suspension。 To lessen this�察�it has
been proposed to substitute for the pendulum�察�a cylindrical rod of
small diameter�察�in which the displacement of the centre of
oscillation would be lessened。 It has also been proposed to prolong
the suspending wire of the pendulum below the Bob�察�until their
centres of oscillation shall coincide。 But these propositions not
appearing to have received general approbation�察�we recur to the
pendulum�察�suspended and charged as has been usual。 And the rather as
the the laws which determine the centre of oscillation leave no room
for error in finding it�察�other than that minimum in practice to which
all operations are subject in their execution。 The other sources of
inaccuracy in the length of the pendulum need not be mentioned��
because easily guarded against。 But the great and decisive
superiority of the pendulum�察�as a standard of measure�察�is in its
accessibility to all men�察�at all times and in all places。 To obtain
the second pendulum for 45 degrees it is not necessary to go actually
to that latitude。 Having ascertained its length in our own parallel��
both theory and observation give us a law for ascertaining the
difference between that and the pendulum of any other。 To make a new
measure therefore�察�or verify an old one�察�nothing is necessary in any
place but a well´regulated time´piece�察�or a good meridian�察�and such a
knowledge of the subject as is common in all civilized nations。
Those indeed who have preferred the other element�察�do justice
to the certainty�察�as well as superior facilities of the pendulum�察�by
proposing to recur to one of the length of their standard�察�and to
ascertain its number of vibrations in a day。 These being once known��
if any accident impair their standard it is to be recoved by means of
a pendulum which shall make the requisite number of vibrations in a
day。 And among the several commissions established by the Academy of
Sciences for the execution of the several branches of their work on
measures and weights�察�that respecting the pendulum was assigned to
Messrs。 Borda�察�Coulomb & Cassini�察�the result of whose labors��
however�察�I have not learned。
Let our unit of measures then be a pendulum of such length as
in the latitude of 45 degrees�察�in the level of the ocean�察�and in a
given temperature�察�shall perform its vibrations�察�in small and equal
arcs�察�in one second of mean time。
What ratio shall we adopt for the parts and multiples of this
unit�拭 �The decimal without a doubt。 Our arithmatic being founded in
a decimal numeration�察�the same numeration in a system of measures��
weights and coins�察�tallies at once with that。 On this question�察�I
believe�察�there has been no difference of opinion。
In measures of length�察�then�察�the pendulum is our unit。 It is a
little more than our yard and less than the ell。 Its tenth or dime��
will not be quite 。4 inches。 Its hundredth�察�or cent�察�not quite 。4 of
an inch�察�its thousandth�察�or mill�察�not quite 。04 of an inch�察�and so
on。 The traveller will count his road by a longer measure。 1��000
units�察�or a kiliad�察�will not be quite two´thirds of our present mile��
and more nearly a thousand paces than that。
For measures of surface�察�the square unit�察�equal to about ten
square feet�察�or one´ninth more than a square yard�察�will be generally
convenient。 But for those of lands a larger measure will be wanted。
A kiliad would be not quite a rood�察�or quarter of an acre�察�a myriad
not quite 2 1/2 acres。
For measures of capacity�察�wet and dry��
The cubic Unit = 。1 would be about 。35 cubic feet�察 �28 bushels
dry�察�or 7/8 of a ton liquid。
Dime = 。1 would be about 3。5 cubic feet�察�2。8 bushels�察�or about
7/8 of a barrel liquid。
Cent = 。01 about 50 cubic inches�察�or 7/8 of a quart。
Mill = 。001 = 。5 of a cubic inch�察�or 2/3 of a gill。
To incorporate into the same system our weights and coins�察�we
must recur to some natural substance�察�to be found everywhere�察�and of
a composition sufficiently uniform。 Water has been considered as the
most eligible substance�察�and rain´water more nearly uniform than any
other kind found in nature。 That circumstance renders it preferable
to distilled water�察�and its variations in weight may be called
insensible。
The cubic unit of this = 。1 would weigh about 2��165 lbs。 or a
ton between the long and short。
The Dime = 。1 a little more than 2。 kentals。
Cent = 。01 a little more than 20 lb。
Mill = 。001 a little more than 2 lb。
Decimmil = 。0001 about 3 1/2 oz。 avoirdupoise。
Centimmil = 。00001 a little more than 6 dwt。
Millionth = 。000001 about 15 grains。
Decimmillionth = 。0000001 about 1 1/2 grains。
Centimmillionth = 。00000001 about 。14 of a grain。
Billionth = 。000000001 about 。014 of a grain。
With respect to our coins�察�the pure silver in a dollar being
fixed by law at 347 1/4 grains�察�and all debts and contracts being
bottomed on that value�察�we can only state the pure silver in the
dollar�察�which would be very nearly 23 millionths。
I have used loose and round numbers ��the exact unit being yet
undetermined�� merely to give a general idea of the measures and
weights proposed�察�when compared with those we now use。 And in the
names of the subdivisions I have followed the metrology of the
ordinance of Congress of 1786�察�which for their series below unit
adopted the Roman numerals。 For that above unit the Grecian is
convenient�察�and has been adopted in the new French system。
We come now to our last question�察�in what form shall we offer
this metrical system to the world�拭 �In some one which shall be
altogether unassuming�察�which shall not have the appearance of taking
the lead among our sister institutions in making a general
proposition。 So jealous is the spirit of equality in the republic of
letters�察�that the smallest excitement of that would mar our views��
however salutary for all。 We are in habits of correspondence with
some of these institutions�察�and identity of character and of object��
authorize our entering into correspondence with all。 Let us then
mature our system as far as can be done at present�察�by ascertaining
the length of the second pendulum of 45 degrees by forming two
tables�察�one of which shall give the equivalent of every different
denomination of measures�察�weights and coins in these States�察�in the
unit of that pendulum�察�its decimals and multiples�察�and the other
stating the equivalent of all the decimal parts and multiples of that
pendulum�察�in the several denominations of measures�察�weights and coins
of our existing system。 This done�察�we might communicate to one or
more of these institutions in every civilized country a copy of those
tables�察�stating as our motive�察�the difficulty we had experienced�察�and
often the impossibility of ascertaining the value of the measures��
weights and coins of other countries�察�expressed in any standard which
we possess�察�that desirous of being relieved from this�察�and of
obtaining information which could be relied on for the purposes of
science�察�as well as of business�察�we had concluded to ask it from the
learned societies of other nations�察�who are especially qualified to
give it with the requisite accuracy�察�that in making this request we
had thought it our duty first to do ourselves�察�and to offer to
others�察�what we meant to ask from them�察�by stating the value of our
own measures�察�weights and coins�察�in some unit of measure already
possessed�察�or easily obtainable�察�by all nations�察�that the pendulum
vibrating seconds of mean time�察�presents itself as such an unit�察�its
length being determined by the laws of nature�察�and easily
ascertainable at all times and places�察�that we have thought that of
45 degrees would be the most unexceptionable�察�as being a mean of all
other parallels�察�and open to actual trial in both hemispheres。 In
this�察�therefore�察�as an unit�察�and in its parts and multiples in the
decimal ratio�察�we have expressed�察�in the tables communicated�察�the
value of all the measures�察�weights and coins used in the United
States�察�and we ask in return from their body a table of the weights��
measures and coins in use within their country�察�expressed in the
parts and multiples of the same unit。 Having requested the same
favor from the learned societies of other nations�察�our object is��
with their assistance�察�to place within the reach of our fellow
citizens at large a perfect knowledge of the measures�察�weights and
coins of the countries with which they have commercial or friendly
intercourse�察�and should the societies of other countries interchange
their respective tables�察�the learned will be in possession of an
uniform language in measures�察�weights and coins�察�which may with time
become useful to other descriptions of their citizens�察�and even to
their governments。 This�察�however�察�will rest with their pleasure�察�not
presuming�察�in the present proposition�察�to extend our views beyond the
limits of our own nation。 I offer this sketch merely as the outline
of the kind of communication which I should hope would excite no
jealousy or repugnance。
Peculiar circumstances�察�however�察�would require letters of a
more special character to the Institute of France�察�and the Royal
Society of England。 The magnificent work which France has executed
in the admeasurement of so large a portion of the meridian�察�has a
claim to great respect in our reference to it。 We should only ask
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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