part14-第11部分

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animal　and　prescribe　rules　for　his　care　and　government。　　We　should

retain　ourselves　all　the　full…blooded　ewes；　that　they　may　enable　us

the　sooner　to　furnish　a　male　to　every　county。　　When　all　shall　have

been　provided　with　rams；　we　may；　in　a　year　or　two　more；　be　in　a

condition　to　give　an　ewe　also　to　every　county；　if　it　be　thought

necessary。　　But　I　suppose　it　will　not；　as　four　generations　from　their

full…blooded　ram　will　give　them　the　pure　race　from　common　ewes。




　　　　　　　　In　the　meantime　we　shall　not　be　without　a　profit　indemnifying

our　trouble　and　expense。　　For　if　of　our　present　stock　of　common　ewes；

we　place　with　the　ram　as　many　as　he　may　be　competent　to；　suppose

fifty；　we　may　sell　the　male　lambs　of　every　year　for　such　reasonable

price　as　in　addition　to　the　wool；　will　pay　for　the　maintenance　of　the

flock。　　The　first　year　they　will　be　half　bloods；　the　second

three…quarters；　the　third　seven…eights；　and　the　fourth　full…blooded；

if　we　take　care　in　selling　annually　half　the　ewes　also；　to　keep　those

of　highest　blood；　this　will　be　a　fund　for　kindnesses　to　our　friends；

as　well　as　for　indemnification　to　ourselves；　and　our　whole　State　may

thus；　from　this　small　stock；　so　dispersed；　be　filled　in　a　very　few

years　with　this　valuable　race；　and　more　satisfaction　result　to

ourselves　than　money　ever　administered　to　the　bosom　of　a　shaver。

There　will　be　danger　that　what　is　here　proposed；　though　but　an　act　of

ordinary　duty；　may　be　perverted　into　one　of　ostentation；　but　malice

will　always　find　bad　motives　for　good　actions。　　Shall　we　therefore

never　do　good？　　It　may　also　be　used　to　commit　us　with　those　on　whose

example　it　will　truly　be　a　reproof。　　We　may　guard　against　this

perhaps　by　a　proper　reserve；　developing　our　purpose　only　by　its

execution。




　　　　　　　　Vive；　vale；　et　siquid　novisti　rectius　istis

　　　　　　　　Candidus　imperti　sinon；　his　ulere　mecum。







　　　　　　　　SCHOOLS　AND　〃LITTLE　REPUBLICS〃




　　　　　　　　_To　John　Tyler_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　May　26；　1810_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　Your　friendly　letter　of　the　12th　has　been　duly

received。　　Although　I　have　laid　it　down　as　a　law　to　myself；　never　to

embarrass　the　President　with　my　solicitations；　and　have　not　till　now

broken　through　it；　yet　I　have　made　a　part　of　yourletter　the　subject

of　one　to　him；　and　have　done　it　with　all　my　heart；　and　in　the　full

belief　that　I　serve　him　and　the　public　in　urging　that　appointment。

We　have　long　enough　suffered　under　the　base　prostitution　of　law　to

party　passions　in　one　judge；　and　the　imbecility　of　another。　　In　the

hands　of　one　the　law　is　nothing　more　than　an　ambiguous　text；　to　be

explained　by　his　sophistry　into　any　meaning　which　may　subserve　his

personal　malice。　　Nor　can　any　milk…and…water　associate　maintain　his

own　dependance；　and　by　a　firm　pursuance　of　what　the　law　really　is；

extend　its　protection　to　the　citizens　or　the　public。　　I　believe　you

will　do　it；　and　where　you　cannot　induce　your　colleague　to　do　what　is

right；　you　will　be　firm　enough　to　hinder　him　from　doing　what　is

wrong；　and　by　opposing　sense　to　sophistry；　leave　the　juries　free　to

follow　their　own　judgment。




　　　　　　　　I　have　long　lamented　with　you　the　depreciation　of　law　science。

The　opinion　seems　to　be　that　Blackstone　is　to　us　what　the　Alcoran　is

to　the　Mahometans；　that　everything　which　is　necessary　is　in　him；　and

what　is　not　in　him　is　not　necessary。　　I　still　lend　my　counsel　and

books　to　such　young　students　as　will　fix　themselves　in　the

neighborhood。　　Coke's　institutes　and　reports　are　their　first；　and

Blackstone　their　last　book；　after　an　intermediate　course　of　two　or

three　years。　　It　is　nothing　more　than　an　elegant　digest　of　what　they

will　then　have　acquired　from　the　real　fountains　of　the　law。　　Now　men

are　born　scholars；　lawyers；　doctors；　in　our　day　this　was　confined　to

poets。　　You　wish　to　see　me　again　in　the　legislature；　but　this　is

impossible；　my　mind　is　now　so　dissolved　in　tranquillity；　that　it　can

never　again　encounter　a　contentious　assembly；　the　habits　of　thinking

and　speaking　off…hand；　after　a　disuse　of　five　and　twenty　years；　have

given　place　to　the　slower　process　of　the　pen。　　I　have　indeed　two

great　measures　at　heart；　without　which　no　republic　can　maintain

itself　in　strength。　　1。　That　of　general　education；　to　enable　every

man　to　judge　for　himself　what　will　secure　or　endanger　his　freedom。

2。　To　divide　every　county　into　hundreds；　of　such　size　that　all　the

children　of　each　will　be　within　reach　of　a　central　school　in　it。　　But

this　division　looks　to　many　other　fundamental　provisions。　　Every

hundred；　besides　a　school；　should　have　a　justice　of　the　peace；　a

constable　and　a　captain　of　militia。　　These　officers；　or　some　others

within　the　hundred；　should　be　a　corporation　to　manage　all　its

concerns；　to　take　care　of　its　roads；　its　poor；　and　its　police　by

patrols；　&c。；　（as　the　select　men　of　the　Eastern　townships。）　　Every

hundred　should　elect　one　or　two　jurors　to　serve　where　requisite；　and

all　other　elections　should　be　made　in　the　hundreds　separately；　and

the　votes　of　all　the　hundreds　be　brought　together。　　Our　present

Captaincies　might　be　declared　hundreds　for　the　present；　with　a　power

to　the　courts　to　alter　them　occasionally。　　These　little　republics

would　be　the　main　strength　of　the　great　one。　　We　owe　to　them　the

vigor　given　to　our　revolution　in　its　commencement　in　the　Eastern

States；　and　by　them　the　Eastern　States　were　enabled　to　repeal　the

embargo　in　opposition　to　the　Middle；　Southern　and　Western　States；　and

their　large　and　lubberly　division　into　counties　which　can　never　be

assembled。　　General　orders　are　given　out　from　a　centre　to　the　foreman

of　every　hundred；　as　to　the　sergeants　of　an　army；　and　the　whole

nation　is　thrown　into　energetic　action；　in　the　same　direction　in　one

instant　and　as　one　man；　and　becomes　absolutely　irresistible。　　Could　I

once　see　this　I　should　consider　it　as　the　dawn　of　the　salvation　of

the　republic；　and　say　with　old　Simeon；　〃nunc　dimittas　Domine。〃　But

our　children　will　be　as　wise　as　we　are；　and　will　establish　in　the

fulness　of　time　those　things　not　yet　ripe　for　establishment。　　So　be

it；　and　to　yourself　health；　happiness　and　long　life。







　　　　　　　　HUME　AND　MONTESQUIEU




　　　　　　　　_To　William　Duane_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　August　12；　1810_




　　　　　　　　SIR；　　Your　letter　of　July　16th　has　been　duly　received；　with

the　paper　it　enclosed；　for　which　accept　my　thanks；　and　especially　for

the　kind　sentiments　expressed　towards　myself。　　These　testimonies　of

approbation；　and　friendly　remembrance；　are　the　highest　gratifications

I　can　receive　from　any；　and　especially　from　those　in　whose　principles

and　zeal　for　the　public　good　I　have　confidence。　　Of　that　confidence

in　yourself　the　military　appointment　to　which　you　allude　was

sufficient　proof；　as　it　was　made；　not　on　the　recommendations　of

others；　but　on　our　own　knowledge　of　your　principles　and

qualifications。　　While　I　cherish　with　feeling　the　recollections　of　my

friends；　I　banish　from　my　mind　all　political　animosities　which　might

disturb　its　tranquillity；　or　the　happiness　I　derive　from　my　present

pursuits。　　I　have　thought　it　among　the　most　fortunate　circumstances

of　my　late　administration　that；　during　its　eight　years　continuance；

it　was　conducted　with　a　cordiality　and　harmony　among　all　the　members；

which　never　were　ruffled　on　any；　the　greatest　or　smallest　occasion。

I　left　my　brethren　with　sentiments　of　sincere　affection　and

friendship；　so　rooted　in　the　uniform　tenor　of　a　long　and　intimate

intercourse；　that　the　evidence　of　my　own　senses　alone　ought　to　be

permitted　to　shake　them。　　Anxious；　in　my　retirement；　to　enjoy

undisturbed　repose；　my　knowledge　of　my　successor　and　late　coadjutors；

and　my　entire　confidence　in　their　wisdom　and　integrity；　were

assurances　to　me　that　I　might　sleep　in　security　with　such　watchmen　at

the　helm；　and　that　whatever　difficulties　and　dangers　should　assail

our　course；　they　would　do　what　could　be　done　to　avoid　or　surmount

them。　　In　this　confidence　I　envelope　myself；　and　hope　to　slumber　on

to　my　last　sleep。　　And　should　difficulties　occur　which　they　cannot

avert；　if　we　follow　them　in　phalanx；　we　shall　surmount　them　without

danger。




　　　　　　　　I　have　been　long　intending　to　write　to　you　as　one　of　the

associated　company　for　printing　useful　works。




　　　　　　　　Our　laws；　language；　religion；　politics　and　manners　are　so

deeply　laid　in　English　foundations；　that　we　shall　never　cease　to

consider　their　history　as　a　part　of　ours；　and　to　study　ours　in　that

as　its　origin。　　Every　one　knows　that　judicious　matter　and　charms　of

style　have　rendered　Hume's　history　the　manual　of　every　student。　　I

remember　well　the　enthusiasm　with　which　I　devoured　it　when　young；　and

the　length　of　time；　the　research　and　reflection　which　were　necessary

to　eradicate　the　poison　it　had　instilled　into　my　mind。　　It　was

unfortunate　that　he　first　took　up　the　history　of　the　Stuarts；　became

their　apologist；　and　advocated　all　their　enormities。　　To　support　his

work；　when　done；　he　went　back　to　the　Tudors；　and　so　selected　and

arranged　the　materials　of　their　history　as　to　present　their　arbitrary

acts　only；　as　the　genuine　samples　of　the　constitutional　power　of　the

crown；　and；　still　writing　backwards；　he　then　reverted　to　the　early

history；　and　wrote　the　Saxon　and　Norman　periods　with　the　same

perverted　view。　　Although　all　this　is　known；　he　still　continues　to　be

put　into　the　hands　of　all　our　young　people；　and　to　infect　them　with

the　poison　of　his　own　principles　of　government。　　It　is　this　book

which　has　undermined　the　free　principles　of　the　English　government；

has　persuaded　readers　of　all　classes　that　these　were　usurpations　on

the　legitimate　and　salutary　rights　of　the　crown；　and　has　spread

universal　toryism　over　the　land。　　And　the　book　will　still　continue　to

be　read　here　as　well　as　there。　　Baxter；　one　of　Horne　Tooke's

associates　in　persecution；　has　hit　on　the　only　remedy　the　evil

admits。　　He　has　taken　Hume's　work；　corrected　in　the　text　his