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great activitiy this year。 By the end of the next�察�we shall have
elegant accommodations for seven professors�察�and the year following
the professors themselves。 No secondary character will be received
among them。 Either the ablest which America or Europe can furnish��
or none at all。 They will give us the selected society of a great
city separated from the dissipations and levities of its ephemeral
insects。
I am glad the bust of Condorcet has been saved and so well
placed。 His genius should be before us�察�while the lamentable�察�but
singular act of ingratitude which tarnished his latter days�察�may be
thrown behind us。
I will place under this a syllabus of the doctrines of
Epicurus�察�somewhat in the lapidary style�察�which I wrote some twenty
years ago�察�a like one of the philosophy of Jesus�察�of nearly the same
age�察�is too long to be copied。 _Vale�察�et tibi persuade carissimum te
esse mihi_。
_Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus。_
_Physical_。 The Universe eternal。
Its parts�察�great and small�察�interchangeable。
Matter and Void alone。
Motion inherent in matter which is weighty and declining。
Eternal circulation of the elements of bodies。
Gods�察�an order of beings next superior to man�察�enjoying in
their sphere�察�their own felicities�察�but not meddling with the
concerns of the scale of beings below them。
_Moral_。 Happiness the aim of life。
Virtue the foundation of happiness。
Utility the test of virtue。
Pleasure active and In´do´lent。
In´do´lence is the absence of pain�察�the true felicity。
Active�察�consists in agreeable motion�察�it is not happiness�察�but
the means to produce it。
Thus the absence of hunger is an article of felicity�察�eating
the means to obtain it。
The _summum bonum_ is to be not pained in body�察�nor troubled in
mind。
_i。 e。_ In´do´lence of body�察�tranquillity of mind。
To procure tranquillity of mind we must avoid desire and fear��
the two principal diseases of the mind。
Man is a free agent。
Virtue consists in 1。 Prudence。 2。 Temperance。 3。 Fortitude。 4。
Justice。
To which are opposed�察�1。 Folly。 2。 Desire。 3。 Fear。 4。 Deceit。
;A FIRE BELL IN THE NIGHT;
_To John Holmes_
_Monticello�察�April 22�察�1820_
I thank you�察�dear Sir�察�for the copy you have been so kind as to
send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question。
It is a perfect justification to them。 I had for a long time ceased
to read newspapers�察�or pay any attention to public affairs�察�confident
they were in good hands�察�and content to be a passenger in our bark to
the shore from which I am not distant。 But this momentous question��
like a fire bell in the night�察�awakened and filled me with terror。 I
considered it at once as the knell of the Union。 It is hushed��
indeed�察�for the moment。 But this is a reprieve only�察�not a final
sentence。 A geographical line�察�coinciding with a marked principle��
moral and political�察�once conceived and held up to the angry passions
of men�察�will never be obliterated�察�and every new irritation will mark
it deeper and deeper。 I can say�察�with conscious truth�察�that there is
not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve
us from this heavy reproach�察�in any _practicable_ way。 The cession
of that kind of property�察�for so it is misnamed�察�is a bagatelle which
would not cost me a second thought�察�if�察�in that way�察�a general
emancipation and _expatriation_ could be effected�察�and gradually�察�and
with due sacrifices�察�I think it might be。 But as it is�察�we have the
wolf by the ears�察�and we can neither hold him�察�nor safely let him go。
Justice is in one scale�察�and self´preservation in the other。 Of one
thing I am certain�察�that as the passage of slaves from one State to
another�察�would not make a slave of a single human being who would not
be so without it�察�so their diffusion over a greater surface would
make them individually happier�察�and proportionally facilitate the
accomplishment of their emancipation�察�by dividing the burthen on a
greater number of coadjutors。 An abstinence too�察�from this act of
power�察�would remove the jealousy excited by the undertaking of
Congress to regulate the condition of the different descriptions of
men composing a State。 This certainly is the exclusive right of
every State�察�which nothing in the constitution has taken from them
and given to the General Government。 Could Congress�察�for example��
say�察�that the non´freemen of Connecticut shall be freemen�察�or that
they shall not emigrate into any other State��
I regret that I am now to die in the belief�察�that the useless
sacrifice of themselves by the generation of 1776�察�to acquire
self´government and happiness to their country�察�is to be thrown away
by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons�察�and that my only
consolation is to be�察�that I live not to weep over it。 If they would
but dispassionately weigh the blessings they will throw away�察�against
an abstract principle more likely to be effected by union than by
scission�察�they would pause before they would perpetrate this act of
suicide on themselves�察�and of treason against the hopes of the world。
To yourself�察�as the faithful advocate of the Union�察�I tender the
offering of my high esteem and respect。
JESUS AND THE JEWS
_To William Short_
_Monticello�察�August 4�察�1820_
DEAR SIR�察 �I owe you a letter for your favor of June the
29th�察�which was received in due time�察�and there being no subject of
the day�察�of particular interest�察�I will make this a supplement to
mine of April the 13th。 My aim in that was�察�to justify the character
of Jesus against the fictions of his pseudo´followers�察�which have
exposed him to the inference of being an impostor。 For if we could
believe that he really countenanced the follies�察�the falsehoods and
the charlatanisms which his biographers father on him�察�and admit the
misconstructions�察�interpolations and theorizations of the fathers of
the early�察�and fanatics of the latter ages�察�the conclusion would be
irresistible by every sound mind�察�that he was an impostor。 I give no
credit to their falsifications of his actions and doctrines�察�and to
rescue his character�察�the postulate in my letter asked only what is
granted in reading every other historian。 When Livy and Siculus�察�for
example�察�tell us things which coincide with our experience of the
order of nature�察�we credit them on their word�察�and place their
narrations among the records of credible history。 But when they tell
us of calves speaking�察�of statues sweating blood�察�and other things
against the course of nature�察�we reject these as fables not belonging
to history。 In like manner�察�when an historian�察�speaking of a
character well known and established on satisfactory testimony��
imputes to it things incompatible with that character�察�we reject them
without hesitation�察�and assent to that only of which we have better
evidence。 Had Plutarch informed us that Caesar and Cicero passed
their whole lives in religious exercises�察�and abstinence from the
affairs of the world�察�we should reject what was so inconsistent with
their established characters�察�still crediting what he relates in
conformity with our ideas of them。 So again�察�the superlative wisdom
of Socrates is testified by all antiquity�察�and placed on ground not
to be questioned。 When�察�therefore�察�Plato puts into his mouth such
paralogisms�察�such quibbles on words�察�and sophisms�察�as a school boy
would be ashamed of�察�we conclude they were the whimsies of Plato's
own foggy brain�察�and acquit Socrates of puerilities so unlike his
character。 ��Speaking of Plato�察�I will add�察�that no writer�察�antient
or modern�察�has bewildered the world with more _ignes fatui_�察�than
this renowned philosopher�察�in Ethics�察�in Politics and Physics。 In
the latter�察�to specify a single example�察�compare his views of the
animal economy�察�in his Timaeus�察�with those of Mrs。 Bryan in her
Conversations on Chemistry�察�and weigh the science of the canonised
philosopher against the good sense of the unassuming lady。 But
Plato's visions have furnished a basis for endless systems of
mystical theology�察�and he is therefore all but adopted as a Christian
saint。 It is surely time for men to think for themselves�察�and to
throw off the authority of names so artificially magnified。 But to
return from this parenthasis。�� I say�察�that this free exercise of
reason is all I ask for the vindication of the character of Jesus。
We find in the writings of his biographers matter of two distinct
descriptions。 First�察�a groundwork of vulgar ignorance�察�of things
impossible�察�of superstitions�察�fanaticisms and fabrications。
Intermixed with these�察�again�察�are sublime ideas of the Supreme Being��
aphorisms and precepts of the purest morality and benevolence��
sanctioned by a life of humility�察�innocence and simplicity of
manners�察�neglect of riches�察�absence of worldly ambition and honors��
with an eloquence and persuasiveness which have not been surpassed。
These could not be inventions of the groveling authors who relate
them。 They are far beyond the powers of their feeble minds。 They
shew that there was a character�察�the subject of their history�察�whose
splendid conceptions were above all suspicion of being interpolations
from their hands。 Can we be at a loss in separating such materials��
and ascribing each to its genuine author�拭 �The difference is obvious
to the eye and to the understanding�察�and we may read as we run to
each his part�察�and I will venture to affirm�察�that he who�察�as I have
done�察�will undertake to winnow this grain from its chaff�察�will find
it not to require a moment's consideration。 The parts fall asunder
of themselves�察�as would those of an image of metal and clay。
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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