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part19-及6何蛍

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great activitiy this year。  By the end of the next�察�we shall have

elegant accommodations for seven professors�察�and the year following

the professors themselves。  No secondary character will be received

among them。  Either the ablest which America or Europe can furnish��

or none at all。  They will give us the selected society of a great

city separated from the dissipations and levities of its ephemeral

insects。




        I am glad the bust of Condorcet has been saved and so well

placed。  His genius should be before us�察�while the lamentable�察�but

singular act of ingratitude which tarnished his latter days�察�may be

thrown behind us。




        I will place under this a syllabus of the doctrines of

Epicurus�察�somewhat in the lapidary style�察�which I wrote some twenty

years ago�察�a like one of the philosophy of Jesus�察�of nearly the same

age�察�is too long to be copied。  _Vale�察�et tibi persuade carissimum te

esse mihi_。




        _Syllabus of the doctrines of Epicurus。_




        _Physical_。  The Universe eternal。

        Its parts�察�great and small�察�interchangeable。

        Matter and Void alone。

        Motion inherent in matter which is weighty and declining。

        Eternal circulation of the elements of bodies。

        Gods�察�an order of beings next superior to man�察�enjoying in

their sphere�察�their own felicities�察�but not meddling with the

concerns of the scale of beings below them。

        _Moral_。  Happiness the aim of life。

        Virtue the foundation of happiness。

        Utility the test of virtue。

        Pleasure active and In´do´lent。

        In´do´lence is the absence of pain�察�the true felicity。

        Active�察�consists in agreeable motion�察�it is not happiness�察�but

the means to produce it。

        Thus the absence of hunger is an article of felicity�察�eating

the means to obtain it。

        The _summum bonum_ is to be not pained in body�察�nor troubled in

mind。

        _i。 e。_ In´do´lence of body�察�tranquillity of mind。

        To procure tranquillity of mind we must avoid desire and fear��

the two principal diseases of the mind。

        Man is a free agent。

        Virtue consists in 1。 Prudence。 2。 Temperance。 3。 Fortitude。 4。

Justice。

        To which are opposed�察�1。 Folly。 2。 Desire。 3。 Fear。 4。 Deceit。







        ;A FIRE BELL IN THE NIGHT;




        _To John Holmes_

        _Monticello�察�April 22�察�1820_




        I thank you�察�dear Sir�察�for the copy you have been so kind as to

send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question。

It is a perfect justification to them。  I had for a long time ceased

to read newspapers�察�or pay any attention to public affairs�察�confident

they were in good hands�察�and content to be a passenger in our bark to

the shore from which I am not distant。  But this momentous question��

like a fire bell in the night�察�awakened and filled me with terror。  I

considered it at once as the knell of the Union。  It is hushed��

indeed�察�for the moment。  But this is a reprieve only�察�not a final

sentence。  A geographical line�察�coinciding with a marked principle��

moral and political�察�once conceived and held up to the angry passions

of men�察�will never be obliterated�察�and every new irritation will mark

it deeper and deeper。  I can say�察�with conscious truth�察�that there is

not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve

us from this heavy reproach�察�in any _practicable_ way。  The cession

of that kind of property�察�for so it is misnamed�察�is a bagatelle which

would not cost me a second thought�察�if�察�in that way�察�a general

emancipation and _expatriation_ could be effected�察�and gradually�察�and

with due sacrifices�察�I think it might be。  But as it is�察�we have the

wolf by the ears�察�and we can neither hold him�察�nor safely let him go。

Justice is in one scale�察�and self´preservation in the other。  Of one

thing I am certain�察�that as the passage of slaves from one State to

another�察�would not make a slave of a single human being who would not

be so without it�察�so their diffusion over a greater surface would

make them individually happier�察�and proportionally facilitate the

accomplishment of their emancipation�察�by dividing the burthen on a

greater number of coadjutors。  An abstinence too�察�from this act of

power�察�would remove the jealousy excited by the undertaking of

Congress to regulate the condition of the different descriptions of

men composing a State。  This certainly is the exclusive right of

every State�察�which nothing in the constitution has taken from them

and given to the General Government。  Could Congress�察�for example��

say�察�that the non´freemen of Connecticut shall be freemen�察�or that

they shall not emigrate into any other State��




        I regret that I am now to die in the belief�察�that the useless

sacrifice of themselves by the generation of 1776�察�to acquire

self´government and happiness to their country�察�is to be thrown away

by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons�察�and that my only

consolation is to be�察�that I live not to weep over it。  If they would

but dispassionately weigh the blessings they will throw away�察�against

an abstract principle more likely to be effected by union than by

scission�察�they would pause before they would perpetrate this act of

suicide on themselves�察�and of treason against the hopes of the world。

To yourself�察�as the faithful advocate of the Union�察�I tender the

offering of my high esteem and respect。







        JESUS AND THE JEWS




        _To William Short_

        _Monticello�察�August 4�察�1820_




        DEAR SIR�察 �I owe you a letter for your favor of June the

29th�察�which was received in due time�察�and there being no subject of

the day�察�of particular interest�察�I will make this a supplement to

mine of April the 13th。  My aim in that was�察�to justify the character

of Jesus against the fictions of his pseudo´followers�察�which have

exposed him to the inference of being an impostor。  For if we could

believe that he really countenanced the follies�察�the falsehoods and

the charlatanisms which his biographers father on him�察�and admit the

misconstructions�察�interpolations and theorizations of the fathers of

the early�察�and fanatics of the latter ages�察�the conclusion would be

irresistible by every sound mind�察�that he was an impostor。  I give no

credit to their falsifications of his actions and doctrines�察�and to

rescue his character�察�the postulate in my letter asked only what is

granted in reading every other historian。  When Livy and Siculus�察�for

example�察�tell us things which coincide with our experience of the

order of nature�察�we credit them on their word�察�and place their

narrations among the records of credible history。  But when they tell

us of calves speaking�察�of statues sweating blood�察�and other things

against the course of nature�察�we reject these as fables not belonging

to history。  In like manner�察�when an historian�察�speaking of a

character well known and established on satisfactory testimony��

imputes to it things incompatible with that character�察�we reject them

without hesitation�察�and assent to that only of which we have better

evidence。  Had Plutarch informed us that Caesar and Cicero passed

their whole lives in religious exercises�察�and abstinence from the

affairs of the world�察�we should reject what was so inconsistent with

their established characters�察�still crediting what he relates in

conformity with our ideas of them。  So again�察�the superlative wisdom

of Socrates is testified by all antiquity�察�and placed on ground not

to be questioned。  When�察�therefore�察�Plato puts into his mouth such

paralogisms�察�such quibbles on words�察�and sophisms�察�as a school boy

would be ashamed of�察�we conclude they were the whimsies of Plato's

own foggy brain�察�and acquit Socrates of puerilities so unlike his

character。  ��Speaking of Plato�察�I will add�察�that no writer�察�antient

or modern�察�has bewildered the world with more _ignes fatui_�察�than

this renowned philosopher�察�in Ethics�察�in Politics and Physics。  In

the latter�察�to specify a single example�察�compare his views of the

animal economy�察�in his Timaeus�察�with those of Mrs。 Bryan in her

Conversations on Chemistry�察�and weigh the science of the canonised

philosopher against the good sense of the unassuming lady。  But

Plato's visions have furnished a basis for endless systems of

mystical theology�察�and he is therefore all but adopted as a Christian

saint。  It is surely time for men to think for themselves�察�and to

throw off the authority of names so artificially magnified。  But to

return from this parenthasis。�� I say�察�that this free exercise of

reason is all I ask for the vindication of the character of Jesus。

We find in the writings of his biographers matter of two distinct

descriptions。  First�察�a groundwork of vulgar ignorance�察�of things

impossible�察�of superstitions�察�fanaticisms and fabrications。

Intermixed with these�察�again�察�are sublime ideas of the Supreme Being��

aphorisms and precepts of the purest morality and benevolence��

sanctioned by a life of humility�察�innocence and simplicity of

manners�察�neglect of riches�察�absence of worldly ambition and honors��

with an eloquence and persuasiveness which have not been surpassed。

These could not be inventions of the groveling authors who relate

them。  They are far beyond the powers of their feeble minds。  They

shew that there was a character�察�the subject of their history�察�whose

splendid conceptions were above all suspicion of being interpolations

from their hands。  Can we be at a loss in separating such materials��

and ascribing each to its genuine author�拭 �The difference is obvious

to the eye and to the understanding�察�and we may read as we run to

each his part�察�and I will venture to affirm�察�that he who�察�as I have

done�察�will undertake to winnow this grain from its chaff�察�will find

it not to require a moment's consideration。  The parts fall asunder

of themselves�察�as would those of an image of metal and clay。




  
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