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men。  He will be among the first let off when times are dull�察�and

among the last taken on when times are good。  Or�察�to the point�察�he

will be a member of the surplus labor army。



So the conclusion is reached that the less fit and less efficient��

or the unfit and inefficient�察�compose the surplus labor army。  Here

are to be found the men who have tried and failed�察�the men who

cannot hold jobs��the plumber apprentice who could not become a

journeyman�察�and the plumber journeyman too clumsy and dull to retain

employment�察�switchmen who wreck trains�察�clerks who cannot balance

books�察�blacksmiths who lame horses�察�lawyers who cannot plead�察�in

short�察�the failures of every trade and profession�察�and failures��

many of them�察�in divers trades and professions。  Failure is writ

large�察�and in their wretchedness they bear the stamp of social

disapprobation。  Common work�察�any kind of work�察�wherever or however

they can obtain it�察�is their portion。



But these hereditary inefficients do not alone compose the surplus

labor army。  There are the skilled but unsteady and unreliable men��

and the old men�察�once skilled�察�but�察�with dwindling powers�察�no longer

skilled。 ��3��  And there are good men�察�too�察�splendidly skilled and

efficient�察�but thrust out of the employment of dying or disaster´

smitten industries。  In this connection it is not out of place to

note the misfortune of the workers in the British iron trades�察�who

are suffering because of American inroads。  And�察�last of all�察�are

the unskilled laborers�察�the hewers of wood and drawers of water�察�the

ditch´diggers�察�the men of pick and shovel�察�the helpers�察�lumpers��

roustabouts。  If trade is slack on a seacoast of two thousand miles��

or the harvests are light in a great interior valley�察�myriads of

these laborers lie idle�察�or make life miserable for their fellows in

kindred unskilled employments。



A constant filtration goes on in the working world�察�and good

material is continually drawn from the surplus labor army。  Strikes

and industrial dislocations shake up the workers�察�bring good men to

the surface and sink men as good or not so good。  The hope of the

skilled striker is in that the scabs are less skilled�察�or less

capable of becoming skilled�察�yet each strike attests to the

efficiency that lurks beneath。  After the Pullman strike�察�a few

thousand railroad men were chagrined to find the work they had flung

down taken up by men as good as themselves。



But one thing must be considered here。  Under the present system�察�if

the weakest and least fit were as strong and fit as the best�察�and

the best were correspondingly stronger and fitter�察�the same

condition would obtain。  There would be the same army of employed

labor�察�the same army of surplus labor。  The whole thing is relative。

There is no absolute standard of efficiency。





Comes now the tramp。  And all conclusions may be anticipated by

saying at once that he is a tramp because some one has to be a

tramp。  If he left the ;road; and became a VERY efficient common

laborer�察�some ORDINARILY EFFICIENT common laborer would have to take

to the ;road。;  The nooks and crannies are crowded by the surplus

laborers�察�and when the first snow flies�察�and the tramps are driven

into the cities�察�things become overcrowded and stringent police

regulations are necessary。



The tramp is one of two kinds of men�此 �he is either a discouraged

worker or a discouraged criminal。  Now a discouraged criminal�察�on

investigation�察�proves to be a discouraged worker�察�or the descendant

of discouraged workers�察�so that�察�in the last analysis�察�the tramp is

a discouraged worker。  Since there is not work for all��

discouragement for some is unavoidable。  How�察�then�察�does this

process of discouragement operate��



The lower the employment in the industrial scale�察�the harder the

conditions。  The finer�察�the more delicate�察�the more skilled the

trade�察�the higher is it lifted above the struggle。  There is less

pressure�察�less sordidness�察�less savagery。  There are fewer glass´

blowers proportionate to the needs of the glass´blowing industry

than there are ditch´diggers proportionate to the needs of the

ditch´digging industry。  And not only this�察�for it requires a glass´

blower to take the place of a striking glass´blower�察�while any kind

of a striker or out´of´work can take the place of a ditch´digger。

So the skilled trades are more independent�察�have more individuality

and latitude。  They may confer with their masters�察�make demands��

assert themselves。  The unskilled laborers�察�on the other hand�察�have

no voice in their affairs。  The settlement of terms is none of their

business。  ;Free contract; is all that remains to them。  They may

take what is offered�察�or leave it。  There are plenty more of their

kind。  They do not count。  They are members of the surplus labor

army�察�and must be content with a hand´to´mouth existence。



The reward is likewise proportioned。  The strong�察�fit worker in a

skilled trade�察�where there is little labor pressure�察�is well

compensated。  He is a king compared with his less fortunate brothers

in the unskilled occupations where the labor pressure is great。  The

mediocre worker not only is forced to be idle a large portion of the

time�察�but when employed is forced to accept a pittance。  A dollar a

day on some days and nothing on other days will hardly support a man

and wife and send children to school。  And not only do the masters

bear heavily upon him�察�and his own kind struggle for the morsel at

his mouth�察�but all skilled and organized labor adds to his woe。

Union men do not scab on one another�察�but in strikes�察�or when work

is slack�察�it is considered ;fair; for them to descend and take away

the work of the common laborers。  And take it away they do�察�for�察�as

a matter of fact�察�a well´fed�察�ambitious machinist or a core´maker

will transiently shovel coal better than an ill´fed�察�spiritless

laborer。



Thus there is no encouragement for the unfit�察�inefficient�察�and

mediocre。  Their very inefficiency and mediocrity make them helpless

as cattle and add to their misery。  And the whole tendency for such

is downward�察�until�察�at the bottom of the social pit�察�they are

wretched�察�inarticulate beasts�察�living like beasts�察�breeding like

beasts�察�dying like beasts。  And how do they fare�察�these creatures

born mediocre�察�whose heritage is neither brains nor brawn nor

endurance�拭 �They are sweated in the slums in an atmosphere of

discouragement and despair。  There is no strength in weakness�察�no

encouragement in foul air�察�vile food�察�and dank dens。  They are there

because they are so made that they are not fit to be higher up�察�but

filth and obscenity do not strengthen the neck�察�nor does chronic

emptiness of belly stiffen the back。



For the mediocre there is no hope。  Mediocrity is a sin。  Poverty is

the penalty of failure��poverty�察�from whose loins spring the

criminal and the tramp�察�both failures�察�both discouraged workers。

Poverty is the inferno where ignorance festers and vice corrodes��

and where the physical�察�mental�察�and moral parts of nature are

aborted and denied。



That the charge of rashness in splashing the picture be not

incurred�察�let the following authoritative evidence be considered��

first�察�the work and wages of mediocrity and inefficiency�察�and��

second�察�the habitat��



The New York Sun of February 28�察�1901�察�describes the opening of a

factory in New York City by the American Tobacco Company。  Cheroots

were to be made in this factory in competition with other factories

which refused to be absorbed by the trust。  The trust advertised for

girls。  The crowd of men and boys who wanted work was so great in

front of the building that the police were forced with their clubs

to clear them away。  The wage paid the girls was 2。50 per week��

sixty cents of which went for car fare。 ��4��



Miss Nellie Mason Auten�察�a graduate student of the department of

sociology at the University of Chicago�察�recently made a thorough

investigation of the garment trades of Chicago。  Her figures were

published in the American Journal of Sociology�察�and commented upon

by the Literary Digest。  She found women working ten hours a day��

six days a week�察�for forty cents per week ��a rate of two´thirds of a

cent an hour��。  Many women earned less than a dollar a week�察�and

none of them worked every week。  The following table will best

summarize Miss Auten's investigations among a portion of the

garment´workers��



Industry         Average          Average     Average

                 Individual       Number of   Yearly

                 Weekly           Weeks       Earnings

                 Wages            Employed

Dressmakers      。90             42。         37。00

Pants´Finishers  1。31             27。58       42。41

Housewives and   1。58             30。21       47。49

Pants´Finishers

Seamstresses     2。03             32。78       64。10

Pants´makers     2。13             30。77       75。61

Miscellaneous    2。77             29。         81。80

Tailors          6。22             31。96       211。92

General Averages 2。48             31。18       76。74



Walter A。 Wyckoff�察�who is as great an authority upon the worker as

Josiah Flynt is on the tramp�察�furnishes the following Chicago

experience��



;Many of the men were so weakened by the want and hardship of the

winter that they were no longer in condition for effective labor。

Some of the bosses who were in need of added hands were obliged to

turn men away because of physical incapacity。  One instance of this

I shall not soon forget。  It was when I overheard�察�early one morning

at a factory gate�察�an interview between a would´be laborer and the

boss。  I knew the applicant for a Russian Jew�察�who had at home an

old mother and a wife and two young children to support。  He had had

intermittent employment throughout the winter in a sweater's den��

��5�� barely enough to keep them all alive�察�and�察�after the hardships

of the cold season�察�he was again in de
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