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the essays of montaigne, v11-及1何蛍
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The Essays of Montaigne�察�V11
by Michel de Montaigne
Translated by Charles Cotton
Edited by William Carew Hazilitt
1877
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 11。
XIII。 Of judging of the death of another。
XIV。 That the mind hinders itself。
XV。 That our desires are augmented by difficulty。
XVI。 Of glory。
XVII。 Of presumption。
CHAPTER XIII
OF JUDGING OF THE DEATH OF ANOTHER
When we judge of another's assurance in death�察�which�察�without doubt�察�is
the most remarkable action of human life�察�we are to take heed of one
thing�察�which is that men very hardly believe themselves to have arrived
to that period。 Few men come to die in the opinion that it is their
latest hour�察�and there is nothing wherein the flattery of hope more
deludes us�察�It never ceases to whisper in our ears�察 �Others have been
much sicker without dying�察�your condition is not so desperate as 'tis
thought�察�and�察�at the worst�察�God has done other miracles。; Which happens
by reason that we set too much value upon ourselves�察�it seems as if the
universality of things were in some measure to suffer by our dissolution��
and that it commiserates our condition�察�forasmuch as our disturbed sight
represents things to itself erroneously�察�and that we are of opinion they
stand in as much need of us as we do of them�察�like people at sea�察�to whom
mountains�察�fields�察�cities�察�heaven and earth are tossed at the same rate
as they are��
;Provehimur portu�察�terraeque urbesque recedunt�此�
�А�We sail out of port�察�and cities and lands recede。;
AEneid�察�iii。 72。��
Whoever saw old age that did not applaud the past and condemn the present
time�察�laying the fault of his misery and discontent upon the world and
the manners of men��
Jamque caput quassans�察�grandis suspirat arator 。
Et cum tempora temporibus praesentia confert
Praeteritis�察�laudat fortunas saepe parentis��
Et crepat antiquum genus ut pietate repletum。;
�А�Now the old ploughman�察�shaking his head�察�sighs�察�and compares
present times with past�察�often praises his parents' happiness�察�and
talks of the old race as full of piety。;Lucretius�察�ii。 1165。��
We will make all things go along with us�察�whence it follows that we
consider our death as a very great thing�察�and that does not so easily
pass�察�nor without the solemn consultation of the stars��
;Tot circa unum caput tumultuantes dens�察�
�А�All the gods to agitation about one man。;
Seneca�察�Suasor�察�i。 4。��
and so much the more think it as we more value ourselves。 ;What�察�shall
so much knowledge be lost�察�with so much damage to the world�察�without a
particular concern of the destinies�拭 �Does so rare and exemplary a soul
cost no more the killing than one that is common and of no use to the
public�拭 �This life�察�that protects so many others�察�upon which so many
other lives depend�察�that employs so vast a number of men in his service��
that fills so many places�察�shall it drop off like one that hangs but by
its own simple thread�拭 �None of us lays it enough to heart that he is
but one�此�thence proceeded those words of Caesar to his pilot�察�more tumid
than the sea that threatened him��
;Italiam si coelo auctore recusas��
Me pete�此�sola tibi causa est haec justa timoris��
Vectorem non nosce tuum�察�perrumpe procellas��
Tutela secure mea。;
��If you decline to sail to Italy under the God's protection�察�trust
to mine�察�the only just cause you have to fear is�察�that you do not
know your passenger�察�sail on�察�secure in my guardianship。;
Lucan�察�V。 579。��
And these��
;Credit jam digna pericula Caesar
Fatis esse suis�察�tantusne evertere�察�dixit��
Me superis labor est�察�parva quern puppe sedentem��
Tam magno petiere mari�察�
�А�Caesar now deemed these dangers worthy of his destiny�此�'What��'
said he�察�'is it for the gods so great a task to overthrow me�察�that
they must be fain to assail me with great seas in a poor little
bark。';Lucan�察�v。 653。��
and that idle fancy of the public�察�that the sun bore on his face mourning
for his death a whole year��
;Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Romam��
Cum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine texit�此�
�А�Caesar being dead�察�the sun in mourning clouds�察�pitying Rome��
clothed himself。;Virgil�察�Georg。�察�i。 466。��
and a thousand of the like�察�wherewith the world suffers itself to be so
easily imposed upon�察�believing that our interests affect the heavens�察�and
that their infinity is concerned at our ordinary actions��
;Non tanta caelo societas nobiscum est�察�ut nostro
fato mortalis sit ille quoque siderum fulgor。;
�А�There is no such alliance betwixt us and heaven�察�that the
brightness of the stars should be made also mortal by our death。;
Pliny�察�Nat。 Hist。�察�ii。 8。��
Now�察�to judge of constancy and resolution in a man who does not yet
believe himself to be certainly in danger�察�though he really is�察�is not
reason�察�and 'tis not enough that he die in this posture�察�unless he
purposely put himself into it for this effect。 It commonly falls out in
most men that they set a good face upon the matter and speak with great
indifference�察�to acquire reputation�察�which they hope afterwards�察�living��
to enjoy。 Of all whom I have seen die�察�fortune has disposed their
countenances and no design of theirs�察�and even of those who in ancient
times have made away with themselves�察�there is much to be considered
whether it were a sudden or a lingering death。 That cruel Roman Emperor
would say of his prisoners�察�that he would make them feel death�察�and if
any one killed himself in prison�察 �That fellow has made an escape from
me;�察�he would prolong death and make it felt by torments��
;Vidimus et toto quamvis in corpore caeso
Nil anima lethale datum�察�moremque nefandae��
Durum saevitix�察�pereuntis parcere morti。;
�А�We have seen in tortured bodies�察�amongst the wounds�察�none that
have been mortal�察�inhuman mode of dire cruelty�察�that means to kill��
but will not let men die。;Lucan�察�iv。 i。 78。��
In plain truth�察�it is no such great matter for a man in health and in a
temperate state of mind to resolve to kill himself�察�it is very easy to
play the villain before one comes to the point�察�insomuch that
Heliogabalus�察�the most effeminate man in the world�察�amongst his lowest
sensualities�察�could forecast to make himself die delicately�察�when he
should be forced thereto�察�and that his death might not give the lie to
the rest of his life�察�had purposely built a sumptuous tower�察�the front
and base of which were covered with planks enriched with gold and
precious stones�察�thence to precipitate himself�察�and also caused cords
twisted with gold and crimson silk to be made�察�wherewith to strangle
himself�察�and a sword with the blade of gold to be hammered out to fall
upon�察�and kept poison in vessels of emerald and topaz wherewith to poison
himself according as he should like to choose one of these ways of dying��
;Impiger。 。 。 ad letum et fortis virtute coacta。;
�А�Resolute and brave in the face of death by a forced courage。
;Lucan�察�iv。 798。��
Yet in respect of this person�察�the effeminacy of his preparations makes
it more likely that he would have thought better on't�察�had he been put to
the test。 But in those who with greater resolution have determined to
despatch themselves�察�we must examine whether it were with one blow which
took away the leisure of feeling the effect for it is to be questioned
whether�察�perceiving life�察�by little and little�察�to steal away the
sentiment of the body mixing itself with that of the soul�察�and the means
of repenting being offered�察�whether�察�I say�察�constancy and obstinacy in so
dangerous an intention would have been found。
In the civil wars of Caesar�察�Lucius Domitius�察�being taken in the Abruzzi��
and thereupon poisoning himself�察�afterwards repented。 It has happened in
our time that a certain person�察�being resolved to die and not having gone
deep enough at the first thrust�察�the sensibility of the flesh opposing
his arm�察�gave himself two or three wounds more�察�but could never prevail
upon himself to thrust home。 Whilst Plautius Silvanus was upon his
trial�察�Urgulania�察�his grandmother�察�sent him a poniard with which�察�not
being able to kill himself�察�he made his servants cut his veins。 Albucilla
in Tiberius time having�察�to kill himself�察�struck with too much
tenderness�察�gave his adversaries opportunity to imprison and put him to
death their own way。' And that great leader�察�Demosthenes�察�after his rout
in Sicily�察�did the same�察�and C。 Fimbria�察�having struck himself too
weakly�察�entreated his servant to despatch him。 On the contrary��
Ostorius�察�who could not make use of his own arm�察�disdained to employ that
of his servant to any other use but only to hold the poniard straight and
firm�察�and bringing his throat to it�察�thrust himself through。 'Tis�察�in
truth�察�a morsel that is to be swallowed without chewing�察�unless a man be
thoroughly resolved�察�and yet Adrian the emperor made his physician mark
and encircle on his pap the mortal place wherein he was to stab to whom
he had given orders to kill him。 For this reason it was that Caesar��
being asked what death he thought to be the most desired�察�made answer��
;The least premeditated and the shortest。;��Tacitus�察�Annals�察�xvi。 15��
If Caesar dared to say it�察�it is no cowardice in me to believe it。; A
short death�察─�says Pliny��' ; is the sovereign good hap of human
life。;People do not much care to recognise it。 No one can say that he is
resolute for death who fears to deal with it and cannot undergo it with
his eyes open�此�they whom we see in criminal punishments run to their
death and hasten and press their execution�察�do it not out of resolution��
but because they will not give them selves leisure to consider it�察�it
does not trouble them to be dead�察�but to die��
;Emodi nolo�察�sed me esse mortem nihil astigmia�此�
�А�I have no mind to die�察�but I have no objection to be dead。;
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