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oppressive to the subject。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 The government of the few which is intermediate 

between that of

the one and many�察�is also intermediate in good and evil�察�but the

government of the many is in every respect weak and unable to do

either any great good or any great evil�察�when compared with the

others�察�because the offices are too minutely subdivided and too many

hold them。 And this therefore is the worst of all lawful

governments�察�and the best of all lawless ones。 If they are 

all without

the restraints of law�察�democracy is the form in which to 

live is best��

if they are well ordered then this is the last which you should

choose�察�as royalty�察�the first form�察�is the best�察�with the 

exception of

the seventh for that excels them all�察�and is among States what God

is among men。

  Y。 Soc。 You are quite right�察�and we should choose that above all。

  Str。 The members of all these States�察�with the exception of the

one which has knowledge may be set aside as being not Statesmen but

partisans´upholders of the most monstrous idols�察�and 

themselves idols��

and�察�being the greatest imitators and magicians�察�they are also the

greatest of Sophists。

  Y。 Soc。 The name of Sophist after many windings in the argument

appears to have been most justly fixed upon the politicians�察�as they

are termed。

  Str。 And so our satyric drama has been played out�察�and the troop

of Centaurs and Satyrs�察�however unwilling to leave the stage�察�have

at last been separated from the political science。

  Y。 Soc。 So I perceive。

  Str。 There remain�察�however�察�natures still more troublesome��

because they are more nearly akin to the king�察�and more difficult to

discern�察�the examination of them may be compared to the process of

refining gold。

  Y。 Soc。 What is your meaning��

  Str。 The workmen begin by sifting away the earth and stones and

the like�察�there remain in a confused mass the valuable clements akin

to gold�察�which can only be separated by fire´copper�察�silver�察�

and other

precious metals�察�these are at last refined away by the use of tests��

until the gold is left quite pure。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes�察�that is the way in which these things are said to be

done。

  Str。 In like manner�察�all alien and uncongenial matter has been

separated from political science�察�and what is precious and of a

kindred nature has been left�察�there remain the nobler arts of the

general and the judge�察�and the higher sort of oratory which 

is an ally

of the royal art�察�and persuades men to do justice�察�and assists in

guiding the helm of States�此�How can we best clear away all these��

leaving him whom we seek alone and unalloyed��

  Y。 Soc。 That is obviously what has in some way to be attempted。

  Str。 If the attempt is all that is wanting�察�he shall certainly be

brought to light�察�and I think that the illustration of music may

assist in exhibiting him。 Please to answer me a question。

  Y。 Soc。 What question��

  Str。 There is such a thing as learning music or handicraft arts in

general��

  Y。 Soc。 There is。

  Str。 And is there any higher art or science�察�having power to

decide which of these arts are and are not to be learned�察�what do

you say��

  Y。 Soc。 I should answer that there is。

  Str。 And do we acknowledge this science to be different from the

others��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 And ought the other sciences to be superior to this�察�or no

single science to any other�拭�Or ought this science to be the

overseer and governor of all the others��

  Y。 Soc。 The latter。

  Str。 You mean to say that the science which judges whether we

ought to learn or not�察�must be superior to the science which is

learned or which teaches��

  Y。 Soc。 Far superior。

  Str。 And the science which determines whether we ought to persuade

or not�察�must be superior to the science which is able to persuade��

  Y。 Soc。 Of course。

  Str。 Very good�察�and to what science do we assign the power of

persuading a multitude by a pleasing tale and not by teaching��

  Y。 Soc。 That power�察�I think�察�must clearly be assigned to rhetoric。

  Str。 And to what science do we give the power of 

determining whether

we are to employ persuasion or force towards any one�察�or to refrain

altogether��

  Y。 Soc。 To that science which governs the arts of speech and

persuasion。

  Str。 Which�察�if I am not mistaken�察�will be politics��

  Y。 Soc。 Very good。

  Str。 Rhetoric seems to be quickly distinguished from 

politics�察�being

a different species�察�yet ministering to it。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 But what would you think of another sort of power or science��

  Y。 Soc。 What science��

  Str。 The science which has to do with military operations against

our enemies´is that to be regarded as a science or not��

  Y。 Soc。 How can generalship and military tactics be regarded as

other than a science��

  Str。 And is the art which is able and knows how to advise when we

are to go to war�察�or to make peace�察�the same as this or different��

  Y。 Soc。 If we are to be consistent�察�we must say different。

  Str。 And we must also suppose that this rules the other�察�if we are

not to give up our former notion��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And�察�considering how great and terrible the whole art of war

is�察�can we imagine any which is superior to it but the truly royal��

  Y。 Soc。 No other。

  Str。 The art of the general is only ministerial�察�and therefore not

political��

  Y。 Soc。 Exactly。

  Str。 Once more let us consider the nature of the righteous judge。

  Y。 Soc。 Very good。

  Str。 Does he do anything but decide the dealings of men with one

another to be just or unjust in accordance with the standard which

he receives from the king and legislator´showing his own peculiar

virtue only in this�察�that he is not perverted by gifts�察�or fears�察�or

pity�察�or by any sort of favour or enmity�察�into deciding the suits of

men with one another contrary to the appointment of the legislator��

  Y。 Soc。 No�察�his office is such as you describe。

  Str。 Then the inference is that the power of the judge is 

not royal��

but only the power of a guardian of the law which ministers to the

royal power��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 The review of all these sciences shows that none of them is

political or royal。 For the truly royal ought not itself to act�察�but

to rule over those who are able to act�察�the king ought to 

know what is

and what is not a fitting opportunity for taking the initiative in

matters of the greatest importance�察�whilst others�察�should execute

his orders。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And�察�therefore�察�the arts which we have described�察�as they

have no authority over themselves or one another�察�but are 

each of them

concerned with some special action of their own�察�have�察�as they ought

to have�察�special names corresponding to their several actions。

  Y。 Soc。 I agree。

  Str。 And the science which is over them all�察�and has charge of the

laws�察�and of all matters affecting the State�察�and truly weaves them

all into one�察�if we would describe under a name characteristic of

their common nature�察�most truly we may call politics。

  Y。 Soc。 Exactly so。

  Str。 Then�察�now that we have discovered the various classes in a

State�察�shall I analyse politics after the pattern which weaving

supplied��

  Y。 Soc。 I greatly wish that you would。

  Str。 Then I must describe the nature of the royal web�察�and show

how the various threads are woven into one piece。

  Y。 Soc。 Clearly。

  Str。 A task has to be accomplished�察�which although difficult��

appears to be necessary。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly the attempt must be made。

  Str。 To assume that one part of virtue differs in kind 

from another��

is a position easily assailable by contentious disputants�察�who

appeal to popular opinion。

  Y。 Soc。 I do not understand。

  Str。 Let me put the matter in another way�此�I suppose that you

would consider courage to be a part of virtue��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly I should。

  Str。 And you would think temperance to be different from courage��

and likewise to be a part of virtue��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 I shall venture to put forward a strange theory about them。

  Y。 Soc。 What is it��

  Str。 That they are two principles which thoroughly hate one

another and are antagonistic throughout a great part of nature。

  Y。 Soc。 How singular��

  Str。 Yes very´for all the parts of virtue are commonly said to be

friendly to one another。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 Then let us carefully investigate whether this is universally

true�察�or whether there are not parts of virtue which are at war with

their kindred in some respect。

  Y。 Soc。 Tell me how we shall consider that question。

  Str。 We must extend our enquiry to all those things which we

consider beautiful and at the same time place in two 

opposite classes。

  Y。 Soc。 Explain�察�what are they��

  Str。 Acuteness and quickness�察�whether in body or soul or in the

movement of sound�察�and the imitations of them which painting 

and music

supply�察�you must have praised yourself before now�察�or been present

when others praised them。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 And do you remember the terms in which they are praised��

  Y。 Soc。 I do not。

  Str。 I wonder whether I can explain to you in words the thought

which is passing in my mind。

  Y。 Soc。 Why not��

  Str。 You fancy that this is all so easy�此�Well�察�let us 

consider these

notions with reference to the opposite classes of action under which

they fall。 When we praise quickness and energy and acuteness��

whether of mind or body or sound�察�we express our praise of 

the quality

which we admire by one word�察�and that one word is manliness or

courage。

  Y。 Soc。 How��

  Str。 We speak of an action as energetic and brave�察�quick and

manly�察�and vigorous too�察�and when we apply the name of which I speak

as the common attribute of all these natures�察�we certainly praise

them。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And do we not often praise the quiet strain of action also��

  Y。 Soc。 To be sure。

  Str。 And do we not then say the opposite of what we said of the

other��

  Y。 Soc。 How do you mean��

  Str。 We exclaim How calm� �How temperate� �in admiration of the slow

and quiet working of the intellect�察�and of steadiness and ge
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