the story of mankind-第62部分

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On　the　night　of　the　27th　of　July　of　the　year　1830；　a　revolution

took　place　in　Paris。　On　the　30th　of　the　same　month；　the

king　fled　to　the　coast　and　set　sail　for　England。　In　this　way

the　‘‘famous　farce　of　fifteen　years''　came　to　an　end　and　the

Bourbons　were　at　last　removed　from　the　throne　of　France。

They　were　too　hopelessly　incompetent。　France　then　might

have　returned　to　a　Republican　form　of　government；　but　such

a　step　would　not　have　been　tolerated　by　Metternich。



The　situation　was　dangerous　enough。　The　spark　of　rebellion

had　leaped　beyond　the　French　frontier　and　had　set　fire　to

another　powder　house　filled　with　national　grievances。　The　new

kingdom　of　the　Netherlands　had　not　been　a　success。　The　Belgian

and　the　Dutch　people　had　nothing　in　common　and　their

king；　William　of　Orange　（the　descendant　of　an　uncle　of　William

the　Silent）；　while　a　hard　worker　and　a　good　business　man；

was　too　much　lacking　in　tact　and　pliability　to　keep　the　peace

among　his　uncongenial　subjects。　Besides；　the　horde　of　priests

which　had　descended　upon　France；　had　at　once　found　its　way

into　Belgium　and　whatever　Protestant　William　tried　to　do　was

howled　down　by　large　crowds　of　excited　citizens　as　a　fresh　attempt

upon　the　‘‘freedom　of　the　Catholic　church。''　On　the　25th

of　August　there　was　a　popular　outbreak　against　the　Dutch

authorities　in　Brussels。　Two　months　later；　the　Belgians

declared　themselves　independent　and　elected　Leopold　of　Coburg；

the　uncle　of　Queen　Victoria　of　England；　to　the　throne。

That　was　an　excellent　solution　of　the　difficulty。　The　two

countries；　which　never　ought　to　have　been　united；　parted　their

ways　and　thereafter　lived　in　peace　and　harmony　and　behaved

like　decent　neighbours。



News　in　those　days　when　there　were　only　a　few　short　railroads；

travelled　slowly；　but　when　the　success　of　the　French

and　the　Belgian　revolutionists　became　known　in　Poland　there

was　an　immediate　clash　between　the　Poles　and　their　Russian

rulers　which　led　to　a　year　of　terrible　warfare　and　ended　with　a

complete　victory　for　the　Russians　who　‘‘established　order　along

the　banks　of　the　Vistula''　in　the　well…known　Russian　fashion

Nicholas　the　first；　who　had　succeeded　his　brother　Alexander　in

1825；　firmly　believed　in　the　Divine　Right　of　his　own　family；

and　the　thousands　of　Polish　refugees　who　had　found　shelter

in　western　Europe　bore　witness　to　the　fact　that　the　principles

of　the　Holy　Alliance　were　still　more　than　a　hollow　phrase　in

Holy　Russia。



In　Italy　too　there　was　a　moment　of　unrest。　Marie　Louise

Duchess　of　Parma　and　wife　of　the　former　Emperor　Napoleon；

whom　she　had　deserted　after　the　defeat　of　Waterloo；　was

driven　away　from　her　country；　and　in　the　Papal　state　the

exasperated　people　tried　to　establish　an　independent　Republic。

But　the　armies　of　Austria　marched　to　Rome　and　soon　every

thing　was　as　of　old。　Metternich　continued　to　reside　at　the　Ball

Platz；　the　home　of　the　foreign　minister　of　the　Habsburg

dynasty；　the　police　spies　returned　to　their　job；　and　peace

reigned　supreme。　Eighteen　more　years　were　to　pass　before　a

second　and　more　successful　attempt　could　be　made　to　deliver

Europe　from　the　terrible　inheritance　of　the　Vienna　Congress。



Again　it　was　France；　the　revolutionary　weather…cock　of

Europe；　which　gave　the　signal　of　revolt。　Charles　X　had　been

succeeded　by　Louis　Philippe；　the　son　of　that　famous　Duke　of

Orleans　who　had　turned　Jacobin；　had　voted　for　the　death　of　his

cousin　the　king；　and　had　played　a　role　during　the　early　days

of　the　revolution　under　the　name　of　‘‘Philippe　Egalite''　or

‘‘Equality　Philip。''　Eventually　he　had　been　killed　when

Robespierre　tried　to　purge　the　nation　of　all　‘‘traitors；''　（by

which　name　he　indicated　those　people　who　did　not　share　his　own

views）　and　his　son　had　been　forced　to　run　away　from　the

revolutionary　army。　Young　Louis　Philippe　thereupon　had

wandered　far　and　wide。　He　had　taught　school　in　Switzerland

and　had　spent　a　couple　of　years　exploring　the　unknown　‘‘far

west''　of　America。　After　the　fall　of　Napoleon　he　had　returned

to　Paris。　He　was　much　more　intelligent　than　his　Bourbon

cousins。　He　was　a　simple　man　who　went　about　in　the　public

parks　with　a　red　cotton　umbrella　under　his　arm；　followed　by　a

brood　of　children　like　any　good　housefather。　But　France　had

outgrown　the　king　business　and　Louis　did　not　know　this　until

the　morning　of　the　24th　of　February；　of　the　year　1848；　when

a　crowd　stormed　the　Tuilleries　and　drove　his　Majesty　away　and

proclaimed　the　Republic。



When　the　news　of　this　event　reached　Vienna；　Metternich

expressed　the　casual　opinion　that　this　was　only　a　repetition

of　the　year　1793　and　that　the　Allies　would　once　more　be　obliged

to　march　upon　Paris　and　make　an　end　to　this　very　unseemly

democratic　row。　But　two　weeks　later　his　own　Austrian　capital

was　in　open　revolt。　Metternich　escaped　from　the　mob　through

the　back　door　of　his　palace；　and　the　Emperor　Ferdinand　was

forced　to　give　his　subjects　a　constitution　which　embodied　most

of　the　revolutionary　principles　which　his　Prime　Minister　had

tried　to　suppress　for　the　last　thirty…three　years。



This　time　all　Europe　felt　the　shock。　Hungary　declared　itself

independent；　and　commenced　a　war　against　the　Habsburgs

under　the　leadership　of　Louis　Kossuth。　The　unequal

struggle　lasted　more　than　a　year。　It　was　finally　suppressed　by

the　armies　of　Tsar　Nicholas　who　marched　across　the　Carpathian

mountains　and　made　Hungary　once　more　safe　for　autocracy。

The　Habsburgs　thereupon　established　extraordinary

court…martials　and　hanged　the　greater　part　of　the　Hungarian

patriots　whom　they　had　not　been　able　to　defeat　in　open　battle。



As　for　Italy；　the　island　of　Sicily　declared　itself　independent

from　Naples　and　drove　its　Bourbon　king　away。　In　the　Papal

states　the　prime　minister；　Rossi；　was　murdered　and　the　Pope

was　forced　to　flee。　He　returned　the　next　year　at　the　head　of　a

French　army　which　remained　in　Rome　to　protect　His　Holiness

against　his　subjects　until　the　year　1870。　Then　it　was

called　back　to　defend　France　against　the　Prussians；　and

Rome　became　the　capital　of　Italy。　In　the　north；　Milan　and

Venice　rose　against　their　Austrian　masters。　They　were　supported

by　king　Albert　of　Sardinia；　but　a　strong　Austrian　army

under　old　Radetzky　marched　into　the　valley　of　the　Po；　defeated

the　Sardinians　near　Custozza　and　Novara　and　forced

Albert　to　abdicate　in　favour　of　his　son；　Victor　Emanuel；　who

a　few　years　later　was　to　be　the　first　king　of　a　united　Italy。



In　Germany　the　unrest　of　the　year　1848　took　the　form　of　a

great　national　demonstration　in　favour　of　political　unity　and　a

representative　form　of　government。　In　Bavaria；　the　king　who

had　wasted　his　time　and　money　upon　an　Irish　lady　who　posed　as

a　Spanish　dancer（she　was　called　Lola　Montez　and　lies　buried

in　New　York's　Potter's　Field）was　driven　away　by　the　enraged

students　of　the　university。　In　Prussia；　the　king　was

forced　to　stand　with　uncovered　head　before　the　coffins　of　those

who　had　been　killed　during　the　street　fighting　and　to　promise　a

constitutional　form　of　government。　And　in　March　of　the　year

1849；　a　German　parliament；　consisting　of　550　delegates　from

all　parts　of　the　country　came　together　in　Frankfort　and　proposed

that　king　Frederick　William　of　Prussia　should　be　the

Emperor　of　a　United　Germany。



Then；　however；　the　tide　began　to　turn。　Incompetent　Ferdinand

had　abdicated　in　favour　of　his　nephew　Francis　Joseph。

The　well…drilled　Austrian　army　had　remained　faithful　to　their

war…lord。　The　hangman　was　given　plenty　of　work　and　the

Habsburgs；　after　the　nature　of　that　strangely　cat…like　family；

once　more　landed　upon　their　feet　and　rapidly　strengthened

their　position　as　the　masters　of　eastern　and　western　Europe。

They　played　the　game　of　politics　very　adroitly　and　used　the

jealousies　of　the　other　German　states　to　prevent　the　elevation

of　the　Prussian　king　to　the　Imperial　dignity。　Their　long　train…

ing　in　the　art　of　suffering　defeat　had　taught　them　the　value　of

patience。　They　knew　how　to　wait。　They　bided　their　time

and　while　the　liberals；　utterly　untrained　in　practical　politics；

talked　and　talked　and　talked　and　got　intoxicated　by　their　own

fine　speeches；　the　Austrians　quietly　gathered　their　forces；　dismissed

the　Parliament　of　Frankfort　and　re…established　the　old

and　impossible　German　confederation　which　the　Congress　of

Vienna　had　wished　upon　an　unsuspecting　world。



But　among　the　men　who　had　attended　this　strange　Parliament

of　unpractical　enthusiasts；　there　was　a　Prussian　country

squire　by　the　name　of　Bismarck；　who　had　made　good　use　of　his

eyes　and　ears。　He　had　a　deep　contempt　for　oratory。　He　knew

（what　every　man　of　action　has　always　known）　that　nothing

is　ever　accomplished　by　talk。　In　his　own　way　he　was　a　sincere

patriot。　He　had　been　trained　in　the　old　school　of　diplomacy

and　he　could　outlie　his　opponents　just　as　he　could　outwalk

them　and　outdrink　them　and　outride　them。



Bismarck　felt　convinced　that　the　loose　confederation

of　little　states　must　be　changed　into　a　strong　united　country

if　it　would　hold　its　own　against　the　other　European　powers。

Brought　up　amidst　feudal　ideas　of　loyalty；　he　decided　that

the　house　of　Hohenzollern；　of　which　he　was　the　most　faithful

servant；　should　rule　the　new　state；　rather　than　the　incompetent

Habsburgs。　For　this　purpose　he　must　first　get　rid　of　the

Austrian　influence；　and　he　began　to　make　the　necessary

preparations　for　this　painful　operation。



Italy　in　the　meantime　had　solved　her　own　problem；　and　had

rid　herself　of　her　hated　Austrian　master。　The　unity　of　Italy

was　the　work　of　three　men；　Cavour；　Mazzini　and　Garibaldi。

Of　these　three；　Cavour；　the　civil…engineer　with　the　short…sighted

eyes　and　the　steel…rimmed　glasses；　played　the　part　of　the　careful

political　pilot。　Mazzini；　who　had　spent　most　of　his　days

in　different　European　garrets；　hiding　from　the　Austrian　police；

was　the　public　agitator；　while　Garibaldi；　with　his　band　of　red…

shirted　rough…riders；　appe