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栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-及50何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


merchant�察�either at Limasol or elsewhere。

Consul Riddell reported officially in 1875 as follows��

    ;The wine trade of Cyprus was last year
    exceptionally large�察�owing to the abundant produce of
    the vineyards in 1874。 The outcome of grapes and
    wines in 1875 did not exceed an ordinary average��
    and growers still complain loudly that the imposts
    upon wines�察�reckoning from the grape to the vat�察�are
    so heavyamounting to about 35 or 40 per cent。and
    their imposition and collection so very arbitrary and
    unequal�察�that many vineyards are being abandoned。

    ;The government�察�it is said�察�have under consideration
    the anomalous state of the wine trade in Cyprus��
    with a view to relieve and redress the many grievances
    of which consumers complain�察�and in the meanwhile
    the collection of the imposts is suspended。 Should
    the result prove to be the elaboration of a fair��
    reasonable�察�and consistent scale of duties�察�the revival
    of the wine trade may be reasonably looked forward
    to�察�and under sound regulations and intelligent
    fostering the trade would undoubtedly become a large
    and profitable one to this island。;

    In 1876�察�the year following the promised reform��
    Consul Pierides reports��

    ;The quantity of all sorts of wine produced was
    much below that of 1875。 The principal shipments
    were made to Trieste and Venice。 The collection of
    the imposts�察�which was for a short time suspended�察�has
    recommenced�察�and the manner in which it is conducted
    is still arbitrary and vexatious�察�while remonstrances
    have hitherto been of no avail。 It is time for the
    government to put an end to these grievances�察�which
    indeed threaten to destroy one of the best resources
    of the island。;

In 1877 Consul Watkins reports��

    ;The manufacture of wine here is greatly on the
    decrease�察�for�察�owing to all sorts of unreasonable
    regulations�察�and to the vexatious mode of their
    application�察�cultivators now prefer making their grapes
    into raisins。;

Here we have consecutive official reports from three different British
consuls during 1875´1877。 The British occupation took place in 1878I
am writing in 1879and although the grievances of the Cyprian
wine´growers were sufficiently aggravated to call for the vigorous
reports and protests of three different British consuls during the
Turkish administration�察�no amelioration of their condition has been
effected during twelve months of British rule。

Captain Savile�察�in his excellent digest of all that concerns this
island�察�writes��

    ;The grievances connected with the culture of the
    vines and the manufacture of wine which are alluded
    to in the consular reports�察�existed as long ago as 1863��
    and were then mentioned by Consul White�察�who says
    that the peasants were even then beginning to find it
    more profitable to sell their grapes�察�or to make them
    into raisins�察�rather than�察�by turning them into wine�察�to
    subject themselves to the duty lately imposed over and
    above the tithe and export duties�察�which were collected
    in a very harassing manner。 The growers have had
    to pay�察�under the tax called `dimes��' an eighth part of
    the produce of grapes to the treasury�察�but this could
    not be taken in kind�察�so a money value was fixed yearly
    by the local medjlis�察�or fixed tribunal�察�but as the assessment
    was based on the market´price at the chief town
    of the district�察�instead of the value at the place of
    growth�察�this tax�察�instead of being about 12。5 per cent。��
    in reality amounted to over 20 per cent。 Then again
    when the wine was made�察�an excise duty of 10 per
    cent。 was levied�察�and on export�察�a tax of 8 per cent。
    had to be paid。 The natural consequence of these
    excessive impositions has been the diminution of a
    culture for which the island is particularly adapted。
    Consul Lang suggests that it might be wise to free this
    production from all tax�察�except a proper export duty。;

How easy it is to be generous at the expense of others��here are
��including Consuls White and Lang�� no less than five British consuls who
have been protesting against this instance of oppression and injustice
since the year 1862�察�and it would naturally have been expected that one
of our first acts upon assuming the government of Cyprus would have been
to abolish an abuse that had excited the remonstrances of our own
representatives。 The fact is that we were reduced to a financial ebb of
the gravest character by the absorption at Constantinople of an unfair
proportion of the revenue�察�and our government was not in a position to
risk a reduction of income by such an important change in the system of
taxation。 The Cypriotes have nevertheless derived a collateral advantage
from the change of rulers�察�as the extreme grievances to which the
consular reports allude were aggravated by the farmers of taxes�察�who no
longer exist。 These people were extortioners of the worst description��
and the bribes and extra payments extracted from the vine´growers are
represented in the gross sum mentioned as amounting to 40 per cent。 upon
the general produce of the vineyard。 The reforms already established by
the abolition of the nefarious system of tax´farming have relieved the
vine´growers from the most serious oppression�察�but sufficient abuses
remain to demand a radical change�察�if the industry for which Cyprus is
specially adapted by nature is to be encouraged。

As I have described in outline the rude method of cultivation and the
manufacture of wine from the first bursting of the young vines�察�I will
now examine the system of arbitrary interference to which the vine´
grower is exposed through the successive stages of his employment。

The first tax is perfectly fair�察�as it is calculated according to the
rateable value of the land�察�which is divided into three classes。 These
qualities of soil vary in the valuation from

 No。 1 = 500 piastres the donum ��about half an acre�� to
 No。 3 = 100 piastres the donum

The malliea�察�or annual tax upon these valuations per donum�察�is 2 per
cent。

When the grapes are nearly ripe�察�they must be valued before the
proprietor has a right to gather his crop。 He is obliged to present
himself at the government office at Limasol�察�many miles from his estate��
to petition for the attendance of the official valuer�察�called the
;mahmoor�察─�upon a certain day。 This may or may not be granted�察�but at
all events one or two days have been expended in the journey。

Should the mahmoor arrive�察�which he frequently does not�察�at the
appointed time�察�the medjlis�察�or council of the villages�察�appoints a
special arbitrator to represent their ��the vine´growers�� interests�察�and
he accompanies the government official during his examination of the
vineyards。 After a certain amount of haggling and discussion�察�an
approximate weight of grapes is agreed upon�察�the mahmoor declaring the
ultimate amount far above the actual crop per donum�此�and the tax is
determined according to their quality�察�resolved into two classes��

 No。 1�察�the commanderia�察�and other superior varieties�察�pay 25 paras the oke。
 No。 2�察�all other grapes pay 16 paras the oke。

But these taxes。 are modified according to the abundance and quality of
the grapes in each successive season�察�being sometimes more or less than
the figures given。 The crop is generally ripe towards the end of August��
and the tax�察�having been determined�察�may be paid during the following
January�察�March�察�or May。

The grapes having been officially valued�察�and the rate of taxation
established�察�the proprietor may gather his crop�察�and press it for wine。
The rows of enormous jars are at length filled�此�eventually the wine is
ready for sale。

Now comes the necessity for a second journey to Limasol�察�perhaps thirty
or forty miles distant�察�to petition for the government official to
measure the contents of the jars�察�without such an examination�察�no wine
can be removed from the stores。

This is another loss of time to the grower�察�and occasions an expense for
himself and mule for the journey。

The jars are at length measured�察�but before any wine can be removed a
general examination of the quality of the district produce must be
completed�察�and�察�an average value having been determined�察�the tax of 10
per cent。 must be paid ad valorem。

After these necessary forms have been gone through�察�with the attendant
vexatious delays and expensive journeys�察�entailing loss of time for men
and mules�察�the vine´grower wishes to carry his wine to market。

Before a drop can be removed he must present himself at the official
quarters�察�either at Kilani or one other village�察�to obtain a teskeri�察�or
permit�察�for the quantity that he wishes to convey。 After this trouble
and delay he returns to his home with the official permit to remove to a
specified place ��generally Limasol�� a fixed quantity of wine�察�which is
calculated by the load�察�one load equals 128 okes of 2。75 lbs。
avoirdupois�察�and�察�packed in goat´skins�察�is carried by two mules。

The vine´grower himself weighs his wine when the skins are filled�察�and
he starts upon his long journey over steep mountain rocky paths to
Limasol�察�where he will sell his load to the wine´merchant�察�who
subsequently will ship it to the various ports of the Mediteranean。

The sun is burning�察�and the wine�察�contained in tarry goat´skins�察�is��
after a few hours' exposure to the heat�察�about the temperature of the
hottest bath�察�thus absorbing the vile smells of the primitive but secure
package。 The owner is well aware that the value of his wine will depend
upon the flavour�察�therefore he hurries his mules forward�察�in order to
deliver it as quickly as possible to the merchant�察�before it shall be
contaminated by the skins。

Upon arrival at Limasol it may be late�察�and nothing can be done。 His
wine must be weighed by the government official at the public
weighing´place�察�specially assigned for the wine trade�察�and he drives his
laden and tired mules to the yard。 Here he finds some hundreds of mules
and their proprietors in a similar position to himself�察�however�察�there
is no help for it�察�and they must be patient thro
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��4�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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