嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-及67何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
person can oppose by delays and superlative estimates the vital
interests of the proprietors�察�if the property is large�察�the owner will
be only too glad to silence his opposition by a considerable bribe�察�the
poor must alike contribute�察�or submit to be the victim of delays which��
with perishable articles such as vegetables�察�represent his ruin。 Is it
surprising that the villages of the desolate plain of Messaria are for
the most part devoid of fruit´trees�拭�We are preaching to the Cypriotes
the advantage of planting around their dwellings�察�as though they were
such idiots as to be ignorant that ;he who sows the wind will reap the
whirlwind。; If they plant fruit´trees under the present laws they are
planting curses which will entail the misery of inquisitorial visits and
the most objectionable and oppressive form of an unjust taxation。 As the
law at present stands�察�the amount of fruit is ridiculously small�察�and
the quality inferior�察�while cultivated vegetables are difficult to
obtain。 Can any other result be expected under the paralysing effect of
Turkish laws�拭�which unfortunately British officials have the
questionable honour of administering。
I have heard officials condemn in the strongest terms the laws they are
obliged to enforce。 There are few persons who are obtuse to the sense of
injustice�察�but at the same time the suggestion has been expressed that
an extreme difficulty would be experienced should the taxes be collected
in any other form than dimes。 I cannot see the slightest truth in this
disclaimer of responsibility for Turkish evils�察�and I believe the
present difficulty might be overcome with little trouble by a system of
rating the land ad valorem。
The soil and general value of properties in Cyprus vary as in England
and other countries according to quality and position。 There is land
contiguous to market towns of much higher value than the same quality of
soil in remote districts�察�there are farms supplied with water either
naturally or artificially�察�which are far more valuable than others which
are dependent upon favourable seasons。 Land which formerly produced
madder was of extreme value�察�and should have been adjudged accordingly��
but why should not all properties of every description throughout Cyprus
be rated and taxed in due proportion�拭�The valuation should be arranged
by local councils。 The vineyards which produced the expensive wines
should be rated higher than those of inferior quality。 Gardens should be
rated according to their distance from a market�察�fields in proportion to
their water´supply and the quality of the soil。 The Cypriotes do not
complain of the amount of 10 per cent。 taxation under the name of dimes��
but they naturally object to the arbitrary and vexatious system of
inquisitorial visits�察�together with the delays and loss of time
occasioned by the old Turkish system。 ;Rate us�察�and let us know the
limit of our responsibility;that is the natural desire of the
inhabitants。 If the industries of the country are to be developed they
must be unfettered�察�but if weighed down by restrictions and vexatious
interference�察�they will hardly discover the benefit of a change to
British masters。
Some people in Cyprus make use of an argument in favour of the present
system of dimes or collecting in kind by tenths�察�which does not commend
itself by logical reasoning。 They say�察 �if you rate the land ad valorem��
and establish a monetary payment of 10 per cent。�察�you will simply burden
the poor land´holder with debt during a season of drought�察�when his
property will produce nothing。 According to the present system he and
the government alike share the risk of seasons�察�if the land produces
nothing�察�there can be no dimes。; It does not appear to have occurred to
these reasoners that in such seasons of scarcity the taxation could be
easily reduced as a temporary measure of relief according to the
valuation of the local medjlis or council�察�but I claim the necessity of
artificial irrigation that will secure the land from such meteorological
disasters�察�and will enable both the cultivator and the government to
calculate upon a dependable average of crops�察�instead of existing upon
the fluctuations of variable seasons。
The district of Larnaca will offer a fair example of the usual methods
of taxation�察�and as the figures have been most kindly supplied by the
authorities of the division�察�they can be thoroughly relied upon。
The revenues of the district ��Larnaca�� are derived from the following
sources��
1。 Dimes ��i。e。 tenths of the produce��in some instances may
be paid in kind。
2。 Property Tax4 piastres per 1000 upon the value of
immovable property�察�such as buildings�察�land�察�trees��
this is classed as 1st class Verghi。
3。 Charge upon Income derived from Rents40 piastres
per 1000�察�classed as 2nd class Verghi。
4。 Charge on Trade Profits30 piastres per 1000�察�3rd class
Verghi。
5。 Exemption from Military Servicethis tax levied upon
Christians only�察�at the rate of 5000 piastres for 180 males。
6。 Duty upon Sale of Horses�察�Mules�察�Donkeys�察�Camels�察�and
Cattle1 piastre in every 40 upon price�察�also tax on goods
weighed by public measurer。
7。 Tax on Flocks of Sheep and Goats2。5 piastres per head。
This is not levied until the animal shall be one year old。
In 1877 the amount received was
Piastres。 Paras。
1。 Dimes 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 822��000
2。 Property Tax。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 221��897 24
3。 Rent Charge 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 20��089 32
4。 Tax on Trade´Profits 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 65��340 20
5。 Military Exemption。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 153��333 25
6。 Sales of Animals�察�Measures�察�&c。 。 。 。 。 。 。 450��000
7。 Sheep and Goats 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 200��000
_______ ___
1��932��659 101
The return of sheep and goats in the district of Larnaca during
the year 1878�察�and comprising 36 villages�察�was rendered as 47��841。
The following taxes are payable by inhabitants of
Scala and the neighbourhood��
JANUARY�察�1879。
1。 The tithe of agricultural produce�察�including silk�察�payable in
some cases in kind�察�in others in money。
2。 Tax in lieu of military service�察�5000 copper piastres for 180
Christian males。
3。 Verghi ��a���察�4 per 1000 on the purchasing value of houses��
land�察�or immovable property。
4。 Verghi ��b���察�4 per cent。 on the rent of immovable property�察�or
houses not occupied by their owners。
5。 Verghi ��c���察�3 per cent。 on profits and professions。
6。 Tax on sheep�察�2。5 silver piastres each。
7。 Tax on goats�察�2 silver piastres each。
8。 Tax on pigs�察�3 silver piastres each。
9。 Tax on wood and charcoal。 Wood for carpenters' uses pays
20 per cent。 on the value at the place of production�察�and a
further 5 per cent。 on the amount of the tax on coming into
the town。
Firewood pays 12 per cent。 on the value at the place of
production�察�and a further 5 per cent。 as above。
Charcoal pays 2 piastres per 100 okes。
10。 Tax on goods weighed�察�one half para per oke。 ��In the case of
wood and charcoal�察�hay�察�chopped straw�察�lime�察�and onions��
the tax begins at a weight of 50 okes�察�and at a rate of 5
paras for 50 okes。��
11。 Tax on grain measured�察�2 paras per kilo paid by the buyer��
and 2 paras per kilo paid by the seller。 If measured for the
sole convenience of the owner�察�2 paras per kilo。
12。 Octroi。 Every load brought from the villages to the town pays
a tax of one oke per load�察�or in money�察�according to the
market rate of the goods。
13。 Tax on the sale of mules�察�horses�察�donkeys�察�oxen�察�and
camels in the town�察�1 para per piastre of the price。
14。 Property tax ��municipal�� paid by owners��
On houses let to tenants�察�5 per cent。 per annum。
On houses inhabited by the owners�察�3 per cent。 per annum。
15。 Tax on camels ��M。�� 2 shillings each per annum。
16。 Tax on carts ��M。�� belonging to and working in Larnaca and
Marina townships�察�1*。 each per annum。
17。 Corvee。 Forced labour on roads four days a year。
18。 Shop licences ��M。�� in classes�察�10*�察�5*。�察�2*。�察�1*。�察�10 shillings。
19。 Wine licences ��C。H。�� in classes�察�25 per cent。�察�12。5 per cent。��
6。25 per cent。 on rental。
20。 Licences to merchants�察�bankers�察�&c。�察。�M。�� in classes�察�10*。��
5*。�察�2*。�察�1*。
21。 Monopolies。 Salt�察�gunpowder。
22。 Custom House duties 8 per cent。 on imports�察�1 per cent。
exports。
Custom House duty on wine�察�10 per cent。
Custom House duty on imported tobacco�察�75 per cent��
on home grown�察�or imported unmanufactured�察�
10 pence a pound。
23。 Stamps�察�transfer and succession duties。 Mubashine。 Voted
to remain in force until March 1st�察�1879。
��Transcriber's Note�此�Omitted table of villages on page 388
which was hard to read。��
There are other taxes according to the laws of
succession upon the death of an individual which I
give in the same words as furnished to me by the
authority��
Memorandum of the Defter Hakkani about the Transfer in Succesion of
Property。
When a man dies his properties must be duly transferred to his heirs��
who must apply to the authorities within six months�察�in order to have
the transfer made。
The transfer is made by giving a new Kotshan ��Title���察�to the heirs in
exchange for the Kotshan of the deceased。
The right to the inheritance is stated by the laws as follows��
1st�察�To the son or daughter�察�in want of which�察�
2nd�察�to the grandson and granddaughter�察�in want of which�察�
3rd�察�to the father and mother�察�in want of which�察�
4th�察�to the brother from the same father and mother�察�in want of which�察�
5th�察�to the sister from the same father and mother�察�in want of which�察�
6th�察�to the brother from the same mother�察�and in want of which��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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