criminal psychology-第70部分

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e　would　possibly　remember　them　better　than　he　would　later　on。　Here；　if　the　examiner　has　experienced　something　similar；　years　ago；　he　is　likely　to　accuse　the　witness　of　exaggeration　under　the　belief　that　his　own　experience　has　shown　the　thing　to　be　not　so　bad。　Such　an　accusation　will　be　unjust　in　most　instances。　The　differences　in　conception　depend　to　a　large　degree　on　differences　in　time；　and　consequent　fading　in　memory。　Several　other　particular　conditions　may　be　added。

Kant；　e。　g。；　calls　attention　to　the　power　we　have　over　our　fancy：　‘‘In　memory；　our　will　must　control　our　imagination　and　our　imagina…　　tion　must　be　able　to　determine　voluntarily　the　reproduction　of　ideas　of　past　time。''

But　these　ideas　may　be　brought　up　not　only　voluntarily；　we　have　also　a　certain　degree　of　power　in　making　these　images　clearer　and　more　accurate。　It　is　rather　foolish　to　have　the　examiner　invite　the　witness　to　‘‘exert　his　memory；　to　give　himself　the　trouble；　etc。''　This　effects　nothing；　or　something　wrong。　But　if　the　examiner　is　willing　to　take　the　trouble；　he　may　excite　the　imagination　of　the　witness　and　give　him　the　opportunity　to　exercise　his　power　over　the　imagination。　How　this　is　done　depends　naturally　upon　the　nature　and　education　of　the　witness；　but　the　judge　may　aid　him　just　as　the　skilful　teacher　may　aid　the　puzzled　pupil　to　remember。　When　the　pianist　has　completely　forgotten　a　piece　of　music　that　he　knew　very　well；　two　or　three　chords　may　lead　him　to　explicate　these　chords　forward　or　backward；　and　thenone　step　after　anotherhe　reproduces　the　whole　piece。　Of　course　the　chords　which　are　brought　to　the　mind　of　the　player　must　be　properly　chosen　or　the　procedure　is　useless。

There　are　rules　for　the　selection　of　these　clews。　According　to　Ebbinghaus：　‘‘The　difference　in　the　content　of　the　recollected　is　due　to　discoverable　causes。　Melodies　may　become　painful　because　of　their　undesirable　obstinacy　in　return。　Forms　and　colors　do　not　usually　recur；　and　if　they　do；　they　do　so　with　noticeable　claims　on　distinctness　and　certainty。　Past　emotional　conditions　are　reproduced　only　with　effort；　in　comparatively　pallid　schemes；　and　often　only　by　means　of　the　accompanying　movements。''　We　may　follow　these　clews；　in　some　directions　at　least；　to　our　advantage。　Of　course；　nobody　will　say　that　one　should　play　tunes　to　witnesses　in　order　to　make　them　remember；　because　the　tunes　have　sunk　into　the　memory　with　such　undesirable　obstinacy　as　to　be　spurs　to　recollection。　It　is　just　as　futile　to　operate　with　forms　and　colors；　or　to　excite　emotional　conditions。　But　what　has　been　said　leads　us　back　to　the　ancient　rule　of　working　so　far　as　is　possible　with　the　constantly　well…developed　sense　of　location。　Cicero　already　was　aware　of　this

‘‘Tanta　vis　admonitionis　inest　in　locis；　id　quidem　infinitum　in　hac　urbe；　quocumque　enim　ingredimur；　in　aliquam　historiam　vestigium　possumus。''　Indeed　he　deduces　his　whole　doctrine　of　memory　from　the　sense　of　location；　or　he　at　least　justifies　those　who　do　so。

If；　then；　we　bring　a　witness；　who　in　our　court　house　recollects　nothing；　in　locum　rei　sitae；　all　the　mentioned　conditions　act　favor…　　ably。＇1＇　The　most　influential　is　the　sense　of　location　itself；　inasmuch　as　every　point　at　which　something　significant　occurred　not　only　is　the　content　of　an　association；　but　is　also　the　occasion　of　one。　It　is；　moreover；　to　be　remembered　that　reproduction　is　a　difficult　task；　and　that　all　unnecessary　additional　difficulties　which　are　permitted　to　accrue；　definitely　hinder　it。　Here；　too；　there　is　only　a　definite　number　of　units　of　psychical　energy　for　use；　and　the　number　which　must　be　used　for　other　matters　is　lost　to　the　principal　task。　If；　e。　g。；　I　recall　an　event　which　had　occurred　near　the　window　of　a　definite　house；　I　should　have　considerable　difficulty　to　recall　the　form　of　the　house；　the　location　of　the　window；　its　appearance；　etc。；　and　by　the　time　this　attempt　has　barely　begun　to　succeed；　I　have　made　so　much　effort　that　there　is　not　sufficient　power　left　for　the　recollection　of　the　event　we　are　really　concerned　with。　Moreover；　a　mistake　in　the　recollection　of　extraneous　objects　and　the　false　associations　thereby　caused；　may　be　very　disturbing　to　the　correctness　of　the　memory　of　the　chief　thing。　If；　however；　I　am　on　the　spot；　if　I　can　see　everything　that　I　had　seen　at　the　time　in　question；　all　these　difficulties　are　disposed　of。


＇1＇　Cf。　Schneikert　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv；　XIII；　193。


We　have　still　to　count　in　the　other　conditions　mentioned　above。　If　acoustic　effects　can　appear　anywhere；　they　can　appear　in　the　locality　where　they　first　occurred。　The　same　bell　ringing；　or　a　similar　noise；　may　occur　accidentally；　the　murmur　of　the　brook　is　the　same；　the　rustle　of　the　wind；　determined　by　local　topography；　vegetation；　especially　by　trees；　again　by　buildings；　varies　with　the　place。　And　even　if　only　a　fine　ear　can　indicate　what　the　difference　consists　of；　every　normal　individual　senses　that　difference　unconsciously。　Even　the　‘‘universal　noise；''　which　is　to　be　found　everywhere；　will　be　differentiated　and　characteristic　according　to　locality；　and　that；　together　with　all　these　other　things；　is　extraordinarily　favorable　to　the　association　of　ideas　and　the　reproduction　of　the　past。　Colors　and　forms　are　the　same；　similar　orders　may　occur；　and　possibly　the　same　attitudes　are　awakened；　since　these　depend　in　so　great　degree　upon　external　conditions。　Now；　once　these　with　their　retrospective　tendencies　are　given；　the　recollection　of　any　contemporary　event　increases；　as　one　might　say；　spontaneously。　Whatever　may　especially　occur　to　aid　the　memory　of　an　event；　occurs　best　at　the　place　where　the　event　itself　happened；　and　hence；　one　can　not　too　insistently　advise　the　examination　of　witnesses；　in　important　cases；　only　in　loco　rei　sitae。　Incidentally；　the　judge　himself　learns　the　real　　situation　and　saves　himself；　thereby；　much　time　and　effort；　for　he　is　enabled　in　a　few　words　to　render　the　circumstantial　descriptions　which　have　to　be　composed　with　so　much　difficulty　when　the　things　are　not　seen　and　must　be　derived　from　the　testimonies　of　the　witnesses　themselves。

Whoever　does　not　believe　in　the　importance　of　conducting　the　examination　at　the　place　of　an　event；　needs　only　to　repeat　his　examination　twice；　once　at　the　court；　and　again　at　the　placethen　he　certainly　will　doubt　no　more。　Of　course　the　thing　should　not　be　so　done　that　the　event　should　be　discussed　with　the　witness　at　the　place　of　its　occurrence　and　then　the　protocol　written　in　the　house　of　the　mayor；　or　in　an　inn　half　an　hour　awaythe　protocol　must　to　the　very　last　stroke　of　the　pen　be　written　then　and　there；　in　order　that　every　impression　may　be　renewed　and　every　smallest　doubt　studied　and　corrected。　Then　the　differences　between　what　has　passed；　what　has　been　later　added；　and　what　is　found　to…day　can　be　easily　determined　by　sticking　to　the　rule　of　Uphues；　that　the　recognition　of　the　present　as　present　is　always　necessary　for　the　eventual　recognition　of　the　past。　Kant　has　already　suggested　what　surprising　results　such　an　examination　will　give：　‘‘There　are　many　ideas　which　we　shall　never　again　in　our　lives　be　conscious　of；　unless　some　occasion　cause　them　to　spring　up　in　the　memory。''　But　such　a　particularly　powerful　occasion　is　locality；　inasmuch　as　it　brings　into　play　all　the　influences　which　our　senses　are　capable　of　responding　to。＇1＇


＇1＇　Jost：　ber　Gedchtnisbildung。


Of　course　the　possibility　of　artificially…stimulated　memory　disappears　like　all　memory；　with　the　lapse　of　time。　As　a　matter　of　fact；　we　know　that　those　of　our　experiences　which　concern　particular　persons　and　things；　and　which　are　recalled　at　the　sight　of　those　persons　and　things；　become；　later　on；　when　the　connections　of　images　have　been　broken；　capable　only　of　awakening　general　notions；　even　though　the　persons　or　things　are　as　absolutely　present　as　before。　But　very　unfavorable　circumstances　must　have　been　at　work　before　such　a　situation　can　develop。

It　is　characteristic；　as　is　popularly　known；　that　memory　can　be　intensified　by　means　of　special　occasions。　It　is　Hfler's　opinion　that　the　Spartan　boys　were　whipped　at　the　boundary　stones　of　their　country　in　order　that　they　might　recall　their　position；　and　even　now…a…days　our　peasants　have　the　custom；　when　setting　up　new　boundary　stones；　of　grasping　small　boys　by　the　ears　and　hair　in　　order　that　they　shall　the　better　remember　the　position　of　the　new　boundary　mark　when；　as　grown　men；　they　will　be　questioned　about　it。　This　being　the　case；　it　is　safer　to　believe　a　witness　when　he　can　demonstrate　some　intensely　influential　event　which　was　contemporaneous　with　the　situation　under　discussion；　and　which　reminds　him　of　that　situation。


Section　54。　（c）　The　Peculiarities　of　Reproduction。

The　differences　in　memory　which　men　exhibit　are　not；　among　their　other　human　qualities；　the　least。　As　is　well　known；　this　difference　is　expressed　not　only　in　the　vigor；　reliability；　and　promptness　of　their　memory；　but　also　in　the　field　of　memory；　in　the　accompaniment　of　rapid　prehensivity　by　rapid　forgetfulness；　or　slow　prehensivity　and　slow　forgetfulness；　or　in　the　contrast　between　narrow；　but　intense　memory；　and　broad　but　approximate　memory。

Certain　special　considerations　arise　with　regard　to　the　field　of　greatest　memory。　As　a　rule；　it　may　be　presupposed　that　a　memory　which　has　developed　with　especial　vigor　in　one　direction　has　generally　done　this　at　the　cost　of　memory　in　another　direction。　Thus；　as　a　rule；　memory　for　numbers　and　memory　for　names　exclude　each　other。　My　father　had　so　bad　a　memory　for　names　that　very　frequently　he　could　not　quickly　recall　my　Christian　name；　and　I　was　his　own　son。　Frequently　he　had　to　repeat　the　names　of　his　four　brothers　until　he　hit　upon　mine；　and　that　was　not　always　a　successful　way。＇1＇　When　he　undertook　an　introduction　it　was　always：　‘‘My　honored　mmm；''‘‘The　dear　friend　of　my　youth　mmm。''　On　the　other　hand；　his　memory　for　figures　was　astounding。　He　noted　and　remembered　not　only　figures　that　interested　him　for　one　reason　or　another；　but　also　those　that　had　not　the　slightest　connection　with　him；　and　that　he　had　read　merely　by　accident。　He　could　recall　instantaneously　the　population　of　countries　and　cities；　and　I　remember　that