嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及16何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



older skilled workers�察�largely American born�察�have long been organized in 

the American Federation of Labor under Mr。 Gompers。 These represent an 

aristocracy   of   labor。   They   tend   to   work   with   the   employers   against   the 

great    mass     of  unskilled     immigrants�察      �and   they   cannot     be   regarded     as 

forming   part   of   anything   that   could   be   truly   called   a   labor   movement。 

``There are��'' says Mr。 Cole�察 �`now in America two working classes�察�with 

different standards of life�察�and both are at present almost impotent in the 

face of the employers。 Nor is it possible for these two classes to unite or to 

put forward any demands。 。 。 。 The American Federation of Labor and the 

Industrial     Workers      of   the  World     represent     two    different   principles     of 

combination�察  �but   they   also   represent   two   different   classes   of   labor。''��30�А�

The     I。  W。   W。    stands    for   industrial    unionism�察     �whereas     the   American 

Federation of Labor stands for craft unionism。 The I。 W。 W。 were formed 

in 1905 by a union of organizations�察�chief among which was the Western 

Federation of Miners�察�which dated from 1892。 They suffered a split by the 

loss   of   the   followers   of   Deleon�察  �who   was   the   leader   of   the   ``Socialist 

Labor      Party''  and    advocated      a  ``Don't    vote''  policy�察   �while    reprobating 

violent   methods。   The   headquarters   of   the   party   which   he   formed   are   at 

Detroit�察�and those of the main body are at Chicago。 The I。 W。 W。�察�though it 

has   a   less   definite   philosophy   than   French   Syndicalism�察  �is   quite   equally 

determined   to   destroy   the   capitalist   system。   As   its   secretary   has          said�此�

``There   is   but   one   bargain   the   I。   W。   W。   will   make   with   the   employing 

class    complete      surrender     of  all  control    of   industry    to  the   organized 

workers。''��31�А �Mr。   Haywood�察 �of   the Western   Federation of   Miners�察 �is   an 

out´and´out   follower   of   Marx   so   far   as   concerns   the   class   war   and   the 



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doctrine   of   surplus   value。   But�察  �like   all   who   are   in   this   movement�察  �he 

attaches more importance to industrial as against political action than do 

the European followers of Marx。 This is no doubt partly explicable by the 

special circumstances of America�察�where the recent immigrants are apt to 

be   voteless。   The   fourth   convention   of   the   I。   W。   W。   revised   a   preamble 

giving   the   general   principles   underlying   its   action。   ``The   working   class 

and the employing class��'' they say�察 �`have nothing in common。 There can 

be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the 

working people and the few�察�who make up the employing class�察�have all 

the good things of life。 Between these two classes�察�a struggle must go on 

until the workers of the world organize as a class�察�take possession of the 

earth and the machinery of production�察�and abolish the wage system。 。 。 。 

Instead   of   the   conservative   motto�察   �A   fair   day's   wages   for   a   fair   day's 

work��'    we    must    inscribe   on   our   banner    the   revolutionary     watchword�察�

`Abolition of the wage system。' ''��32�А�

       ��29�А�Quoted in Cole�察�ib。 p。 128。 

     ��30�А�Ib。�察�p。 135。 

     ��31�А�Brooks�察�op。 cit。�察�p。 79。 

     ��32�А�Brooks�察�op。 cit。�察�pp。 86´87。 

       Numerous strikes have been conducted or encouraged by the I。 W。 W。 

and   the   Western   Federation   of   Miners。  These   strikes   illustrate   the   class´ 

war in a more bitter and extreme form than is to be found in any other part 

of   the   world。   Both    sides   are  always     ready   to  resort   to  violence。    The 

employers have armies of their own and are able to call upon the Militia 

and     even�察  �in   a  crisis�察  �upon    the   United    States    Army。    What     French 

Syndicalists say about the State as a capitalist institution is peculiarly true 

in   America。     In   consequence      of  the   scandals    thus   arising�察  �the   Federal 

Government         appointed     a  Commission        on   Industrial   Relations�察    �whose 

Report�察  �issued   in   1915�察  �reveals   a   state   of   affairs   such   as   it   would   be 

difficult to imagine in   Great Britain。 The report   states that   ``the   greatest 

disorders     and    most    of  the   outbreaks     of  violence     in  connection     with 

industrial `disputes arise from the violation of what are considered to be 

fundamental         rights�察   �and    from     the    perversion      or    subversion      of 

governmental institutions'' ��p。 146��。 It mentions�察�among such perversions�察�



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the subservience of the judiciary to the mili´ tary authorities�撮�33�А�the fact 

that   during   a   labor   dispute   the   life   and   liberty   of   every   man   within   the 

State would seem to be at the mercy of the Governor ��p。 72���察�and the use 

of State troops in policing strikes ��p。 298��。 At Ludlow ��Colorado�� in 1914 

��April 20�� a battle of the militia and the miners took place�察�in which�察�as the 

result   of   the   fire   of   the   militia�察  �a   number   of   women   and   children   were 

burned   to   death。��34�А  �Many   other   instances   of   pitched   battles   could   be 

given�察 �but   enough   has been   said to   show   the peculiar   character   of   labor 

disputes in the United States。 It may�察�I fear�察�be presumed that this character 

will remain so long as a very large proportion of labor consists of recent 

immigrants。   When   these   difficulties   pass   away�察  �as   they   must   sooner   or 

later�察�labor will more and more find its place in the community�察�and will 

tend to feel and inspire less of the bitter hostility which renders the more 

extreme forms of class war possible。 When 

     that time comes�察�the labor movement in America will probably begin 

to take on forms similar to those of Europe。 

        ��33�А�Although uniformly held that the writ of habeas corpus can only 

be suspended by the legislature�察�in these labor disturbances the executive 

has in   fact   suspended   or  disregarded   the  writ。  。  。  。  In   cases   arising   from 

labor   agitations�察 �the   judiciary  has   uniformly  upheld   the   power   exercised 

by the military�察�and in no case has there been any protest against the use of 

such   power   or   any   attempt   to   curtail   it�察  �except   in   Montana�察  �where   the 

conviction   of   a   civilian   by   military   commission   was   annulled''   �─�`Final 

Report   of   the   Commission   on   Industrial   Relations''   ��1915��   appointed   by 

the United States Congress��'' p。 58��。 

     ��34�А�Literary Digest�察�May 2 and May 16�察�1914。 

        Meanwhile�察�though the forms are different�察�the aims are very similar�察�

and industrial unionism�察�spreading from America�察�has had a considerable 

influence   in   Great   Britainan   influence   naturally   reinforced   by   that   of 

French   Syndicalism。   It   is   clear�察  �I   think�察  �that   the   adoption   of   industrial 

rather than craft unionism is absolutely necessary if Trade Unionism is to 

succeed in playing that part in altering the economic structure of society 

which      its  advocates     claim    for  it  rather   than    for  the   political   parties。 

Industrial      unionism      organizes     men�察    �as   craft   unionism      does    not�察  �in 



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accordance with the enemy whom they have to fight。 English unionism is 

still very far removed from the industrial form�察�though certain industries�察�

especially the railway men�察�have gone very far in this direction�察�and it is 

notable   that   the   railway   men   are   peculiarly   sympathetic   to   Syndicalism 

and industrial unionism。 

     Pure     Syndicalism�察      �however�察     �is   not   very    likely   to   achieve     wide 

popularity in Great Britain。 Its spirit is too revolutionary and anarchistic 

for our temperament。 It is in the modified form of Guild Socialism that the 

ideas   derived   from   the   C。   G。   T。   and   the   I。   W。   W。   are   tending   to   bear 

fruit。��35�А  �This   movement   is   as   yet   in   its   infancy   and   has   no   great   hold 

upon the rank and file�察�but it is being ably advocated by a group of young 

men�察  �and   is   rapidly   gaining   ground   among   those   who   will   form   Labor 

opinion   in   years   to   come。   The   power   of   the   State   has   been   so   much 

increased during the war that those who naturally dislike things as they are�察�

find it more and more difficult to believe that State omnipotence can be 

the road to the millennium。 Guild Socialists aim at autonomy in industry�察�

with consequent curtailment�察�but not abolition�察�of the power of the State。 

The system which they advocate is�察�I believe�察�the best hitherto proposed�察�

and the one most likely to secure liberty without the constant appeals to 

violence which are to be feared under a purely Anarchist regime。 

     ��35�А  �The   ideas   of   Guild   Socialism   were   first   set   forth   in   ``National 

Guilds��'' edited by A。 R。 Orage ��Bell & Sons�察�1914���察�and in Cole's ``World 

of    Labour''     ��Bell    &   Sons���察    �first  published      in   1913。     Cole's    ``Self´ 

Government in Industry'' ��Bell & Sons�察�1917�� and Rickett & Bechhofer's 

``The   Meaning   of   National   Guilds''   ��Palmer   &   Hayward�察  �1918��   should 

also   be   read�察  �as   well   as  
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��