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proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及22何蛍
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fault of their own。 We find at present that a man who has a small income
from investments�察 �just sufficient to keep him from actual want�察 �almost
always prefers to find some paid work in order to be able to afford
luxuries。 So it would be�察 �presumably�察 �in such a community as we are
imagining。 At the same time�察 �the man who felt a vocation for some
unrecognized work of art or science or thought would be free to follow his
desire�察 �provided he were willing to ``scorn delights and live laborious
days。'' And the comparatively small number of men with an invincible
horror of workthe sort of men who now become tramps might lead a
harmless existence�察 �without any grave danger of their becoming
sufficiently numerous to be a serious burden upon the more industrious。 In
this ways the claims of freedom could be combined with the need of some
economic stimulus to work。 Such a system�察�it seems to me�察�would have a
far greater chance of success than either pure Anarchism or pure orthodox
Socialism。
Stated in more familiar terms�察 �the plan we are advocating amounts
essentially to this�此�that a certain small income�察�sufficient for necessaries�察�
should be secured to all�察 �whether they work or not�察 �and that a larger
income�察 �as much larger as might be warranted by the total amount of
commodities produced�察�should be given to those who are willing to engage
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
in some work which the community recognizes as useful。 On this basis we
may build further。 I do not think it is always necessary to pay more highly
work which is more skilled or regarded as socially more useful�察�since such
work is more interesting and more respected than ordinary work�察�and will
therefore often be preferred by those who are able to do it。 But we might�察�
for instance�察�give an intermediate income to those who are only willing to
work half the usual number of hours�察�and an income above that of most
workers to those who choose a specially disagreeable trade。 Such a system
is perfectly compatible with Socialism�察 �though perhaps hardly with
Anarchism。 Of its advantages we shall have more to say at a later stage。
For the present I am content to urge that it combines freedom with justice�察�
and avoids those dangers to the community which we have found to lurk
both in the proposals of the Anarchists and in those of orthodox Socialists。
CHAPTER V
GOVERNMENT AND LAW
GOVERNMENT and Law�察 �in their very essence�察 �consist of
restrictions on freedom�察�and freedom is the greatest of political goods。��46�А�
A hasty reasoner might conclude without further ado that Law and
government are evils which must be abolished if freedom is our goal。 But
this consequence�察�true or false�察�cannot be proved so simply。 In this chapter
we shall examine the arguments of Anarchists against law and the State。
We shall proceed on the assumption that freedom is the supreme aim of a
good social system�察 �but on this very basis we shall find the Anarchist
contentions very questionable。
��46�А �I do not say freedom is the greatest of ALL goods�此 �the best
things come from withinthey are such things as creative art�察 �and love�察�
and thought。 Such things can be helped or hindered by political conditions�察�
but not actually produced by them�察�and freedom is�察�both in itself and in its
relation to these other goods the best thing that political and economic
conditions can secure。
Respect for the liberty of others is not a natural impulse with most
men�此�envy and love of power lead ordinary human nature to find pleasure
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
in interferences with the lives of others。 If all men's actions were wholly
unchecked by external authority�察�we should not obtain a world in which all
men would be free。 The strong would oppress the weak�察�or the majority
would oppress the minority�察�or the lovers of violence would oppress the
more peaceable people。 I fear it cannot be said that these bad impulses are
WHOLLY due to a bad social system�察�though it must be conceded that the
present competitive organization of society does a great deal to foster the
worst elements in human nature。 The love of power is an impulse which�察�
though innate in very ambitious men�察�is chiefly promoted as a rule by the
actual experience of power。 In a world where none could acquire much
power�察 �the desire to tyrannize would be much less strong than it is at
present。 Nevertheless�察�I cannot think that it would be wholly absent�察�and
those in whom it would exist would often be men of unusual energy and
executive capacity。 Such men�察�if they are not restrained by the organized
will of the community�察�may either succeed in establishing a despotism�察�or�察�
at any rate�察�make such a vigorous attempt as can only be defeated through
a period of prolonged disturbance。 And apart from the love or political
power�察�there is the love of power over individuals。 If threats and terrorism
were not prevented by law�察�it can hardly be doubted that cruelty would be
rife in the relations of men and women�察�and of parents and children。 It is
true that the habits of a community can make such cruelty rare�察�but these
habits�察�I fear�察�are only to be produced through the prolonged reign of law。
Experience of backwoods communities�察 �mining camps and other such
places seems to show that under new conditions men easily revert to a
more barbarous attitude and practice。 It would seem�察�therefore�察�that�察�while
human nature remains as it is�察 �there will be more liberty for all in a
community where some acts of tyranny by individuals are forbidden�察�than
in a community where the law leaves each individual free to follow his
every impulse。 But�察 �although the necessity of some form of government
and law must for the present be conceded�察�it is important to remember that
all law and government is in itself in some degree an evil�察�only justifiable
when it prevents other and greater evils。 Every use of the power of the
State needs�察�therefore�察�to be very closely scrutinized�察�and every possibility
of diminishing its power is to be welcomed provided it does not lead to a
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
reign of private tyranny。
The power of the State is partly legal�察�partly economic�此�acts of a kind
which the State dislikes can be punished by the criminal law�察 �and
individuals who incur the displeasure of the State may find it hard to earn
a livelihood。
The views of Marx on the State are not very clear。 On the one hand he
seems willing�撮察�like the modern State Socialists�察�to allow great power to
the State�察 �but on the other hand he suggests that when the Socialist
revolution has been consummated�察�the State�察�as we know it�察�will disappear。
Among the measures which are advocated in the Communist Manifesto as
immediately desirable�察�there are several which would very greatly increase
the power of the existing State。 For example�察 �`Centralization of credit in
the hands of the State�察�by means of a national bank with State capital and
an exclusive monopoly��'' and again�察 �`Centralization of the means of
communication and transport in the hands of the State。'' But the Manifesto
goes on to say�此�
When�察 �in the course of development�察 �class distinctions have
disappeared�察 �and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a
vast association of the whole nation�察�the public power will lose its political
character。 Political power�察 �properly so called�察 �is merely the organised
power of one class for oppressing another。 If the proletariat during its
contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled�察�by the force of circumstances�察�
to organize itself as a class�察�if�察�by means of a revolution�察�it makes itself the
ruling class�察 �and�察 �as such�察 �sweeps away by force the old conditions of
production�察�then it will�察�along with these conditions�察�have swept away the
conditions for the existence of class antagonisms�察�and of classes generally�察�
and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class。
In place of the old bourgeois society�察 �with its classes and class
antagonisms�察�we shall have an association�察�in which�察�the free development
of each is the condition for the free development of all。��47�А�
��47�А�Communist Manifesto�察�p。 22。
This attitude Marx preserved in essentials throughout his life。
Accordingly�察 �it is not to be wondered at that his followers�察 �so far as
regards their immediate aims�察�have in the main become out´and´out State
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
Socialists。 On the other hand�察�the Syndicalists�察�who accept from Marx the
doctrine of the class war�察�whi
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