嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及22何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



fault of their own。 We find at present that a man who has a small income 

from   investments�察  �just   sufficient   to   keep   him   from   actual   want�察  �almost 

always     prefers    to  find  some    paid   work    in  order    to  be  able   to  afford 

luxuries。   So   it   would   be�察  �presumably�察  �in   such   a   community   as   we   are 

imagining。      At   the  same    time�察  �the   man    who    felt  a  vocation    for  some 

unrecognized work of art or science or thought would be free to follow his 

desire�察  �provided   he   were   willing   to   ``scorn   delights   and   live   laborious 

days。''   And   the   comparatively   small   number   of   men   with   an   invincible 

horror of workthe sort of men who now become tramps might lead a 

harmless       existence�察   �without     any    grave     danger     of   their   becoming 

sufficiently numerous to be a serious burden upon the more industrious。 In 

this ways the claims of freedom could be combined with the need of some 

economic stimulus to work。 Such a system�察�it seems to me�察�would have a 

far greater chance of success than either pure Anarchism or pure orthodox 

Socialism。 

     Stated   in   more   familiar   terms�察  �the   plan   we   are   advocating   amounts 

essentially to this�此�that a certain small income�察�sufficient for necessaries�察�

should   be   secured   to   all�察  �whether   they   work   or   not�察  �and   that   a   larger 

income�察  �as   much   larger   as   might   be   warranted   by   the   total   amount   of 

commodities produced�察�should be given to those who are willing to engage 



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in some work which the community recognizes as useful。 On this basis we 

may build further。 I do not think it is always necessary to pay more highly 

work which is more skilled or regarded as socially more useful�察�since such 

work is more interesting and more respected than ordinary work�察�and will 

therefore often be preferred by those who are able to do it。 But we might�察�

for instance�察�give an intermediate income to those who are only willing to 

work half the usual number of hours�察�and an income above that of most 

workers to those who choose a specially disagreeable trade。 Such a system 

is   perfectly    compatible     with   Socialism�察    �though    perhaps    hardly    with 

Anarchism。 Of its advantages we shall have more to say at a later stage。 

For the present I am content to urge that it combines freedom with justice�察�

and avoids those dangers to the community which we have found to lurk 

both in the proposals of the Anarchists and in those of orthodox Socialists。 



                                    CHAPTER V 



                             GOVERNMENT AND LAW 

       GOVERNMENT             and    Law�察   �in   their   very   essence�察    �consist   of 

restrictions on freedom�察�and freedom is the greatest of political goods。��46�А�

A    hasty   reasoner    might    conclude    without    further   ado   that  Law     and 

government are evils which must be abolished if freedom is our goal。 But 

this consequence�察�true or false�察�cannot be proved so simply。 In this chapter 

we shall examine the arguments of Anarchists against law and the State。 

We shall proceed on the assumption that freedom is the supreme aim of a 

good   social   system�察  �but   on   this   very   basis   we   shall   find   the   Anarchist 

contentions very questionable。 

       ��46�А  �I   do   not   say   freedom   is   the   greatest   of   ALL   goods�此  �the   best 

things   come   from  withinthey  are   such   things   as   creative   art�察  �and   love�察�

and thought。 Such things can be helped or hindered by political conditions�察�

but not actually produced by them�察�and freedom is�察�both in itself and in its 

relation   to   these   other   goods   the   best   thing   that   political   and   economic 

conditions can secure。 

       Respect for the liberty of others   is not a   natural impulse with   most 

men�此�envy and love of power lead ordinary human nature to find pleasure 



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in interferences with the lives of others。 If all men's actions were wholly 

unchecked by external authority�察�we should not obtain a world in which all 

men would be free。 The strong would oppress the weak�察�or the majority 

would oppress the minority�察�or the lovers of violence would oppress   the 

more peaceable people。 I fear it cannot be said that these bad impulses are 

WHOLLY due to a bad social system�察�though it must be conceded that the 

present competitive organization of society does a great deal to foster the 

worst elements in human nature。 The love of power is an impulse which�察�

though innate in very ambitious men�察�is chiefly promoted as a rule by the 

actual   experience   of   power。   In   a   world   where   none   could   acquire   much 

power�察  �the   desire   to   tyrannize   would   be   much   less   strong   than   it   is   at 

present。 Nevertheless�察�I cannot think that it would be wholly absent�察�and 

those in whom it would exist would often be men of unusual energy and 

executive capacity。 Such men�察�if they are not restrained by the organized 

will of the community�察�may either succeed in establishing a despotism�察�or�察�

at any rate�察�make such a vigorous attempt as can only be defeated through 

a   period   of   prolonged   disturbance。 And   apart   from   the   love   or   political 

power�察�there is the love of power over individuals。 If threats and terrorism 

were not prevented by law�察�it can hardly be doubted that cruelty would be 

rife in the relations of men and women�察�and of parents and children。 It is 

true that the habits of a community can make such cruelty rare�察�but these 

habits�察�I fear�察�are only to be produced through the prolonged reign of law。 

Experience   of   backwoods   communities�察           �mining   camps   and   other      such 

places   seems   to   show   that   under   new   conditions   men   easily   revert   to   a 

more barbarous attitude and practice。 It would seem�察�therefore�察�that�察�while 

human   nature   remains   as   it   is�察  �there   will   be   more   liberty   for   all   in   a 

community where some acts of tyranny by individuals are forbidden�察�than 

in   a   community  where  the   law  leaves   each   individual   free  to   follow  his 

every impulse。  But�察 �although   the  necessity  of   some   form  of   government 

and law must for the present be conceded�察�it is important to remember that 

all law and government is in itself in some degree an evil�察�only justifiable 

when   it   prevents   other   and   greater   evils。   Every   use   of   the   power   of   the 

State needs�察�therefore�察�to be very closely scrutinized�察�and every possibility 

of diminishing its power is to be welcomed provided it does not lead to a 



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reign of private tyranny。 

     The power of the State is partly legal�察�partly economic�此�acts of a kind 

which      the  State   dislikes    can   be   punished     by   the   criminal    law�察  �and 

individuals who incur the displeasure of the State may find it hard to earn 

a livelihood。 

     The views of Marx on the State are not very clear。 On the one hand he 

seems willing�撮察�like the   modern State Socialists�察�to   allow great power   to 

the    State�察 �but   on   the  other   hand    he   suggests    that  when     the  Socialist 

revolution has been consummated�察�the State�察�as we know it�察�will disappear。 

Among the measures which are advocated in the Communist Manifesto as 

immediately desirable�察�there are several which would very greatly increase 

the power of the existing State。 For example�察 �`Centralization of credit in 

the hands of the State�察�by means of a national bank with State capital and 

an    exclusive    monopoly��''      and   again�察   �`Centralization      of  the   means    of 

communication and transport in the hands of the State。'' But the Manifesto 

goes on to say�此�

       When�察     �in   the   course    of   development�察       �class   distinctions     have 

disappeared�察 �and   all   production   has   been   concentrated   in   the   hands   of   a 

vast association of the whole nation�察�the public power will lose its political 

character。     Political   power�察   �properly   so    called�察 �is  merely    the   organised 

power   of   one   class   for   oppressing   another。   If   the   proletariat   during   its 

contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled�察�by the force of circumstances�察�

to organize itself as a class�察�if�察�by means of a revolution�察�it makes itself the 

ruling   class�察  �and�察  �as   such�察  �sweeps   away   by   force   the   old   conditions   of 

production�察�then it will�察�along with these conditions�察�have swept away the 

conditions for the existence of class antagonisms�察�and of classes generally�察�

and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class。 

     In   place    of  the   old   bourgeois     society�察  �with   its  classes   and    class 

antagonisms�察�we shall have an association�察�in which�察�the free development 

of each is the condition for the free development of all。��47�А�

       ��47�А�Communist Manifesto�察�p。 22。 

       This    attitude   Marx     preserved      in  essentials    throughout      his   life。 

Accordingly�察  �it   is   not   to   be   wondered   at   that   his   followers�察  �so   far   as 

regards their immediate aims�察�have in the main become out´and´out State 



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Socialists。 On the other hand�察�the Syndicalists�察�who accept from Marx the 

doctrine of the class war�察�whi
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