嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及6何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
theses of the Communist Manifesto。 It contributed the theory of surplus
value�察 �which professed to explain the actual mechanism of capitalist
exploitation。 This doctrine is very complicated and is scarcely tenable as a
contribution to pure theory。 It is rather to be viewed as a translation into
abstract terms of the hatred with which Marx regarded the system that
coins wealth out of human lives�察�and it is in this spirit�察�rather than in that
of disinterested analysis�察 �that it has been read by its admirers。 A critical
examination of the theory of surplus value would require much difficult
and abstract discussion of pure economic theory without having much
bearing upon the practical truth or falsehood of Socialism�察�it has therefore
seemed impossible within the limits of the present volume。 To my mind
the best parts of the book are those which deal with economic facts�察 �of
which Marx's knowledge was encyclopaedic。 It was by these facts that he
hoped to instil into his disciples that firm and undying hatred that should
make them soldiers to the death in the class war。 The facts which he
accumulates are such as are practically unknown to the vast majority of
those who live comfortable lives。 They are very terrible facts�察 �and the
economic system which generates them must be acknowledged to be a
very terrible system。 A few examples of his choice of facts will serve to
explain the bitterness of many Socialists�此�
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Mr。 Broughton Charlton�察�county magistrate�察�declared�察�as chairman of
a meeting held at the Assembly Rooms�察�Nottingham�察�on the 14th January�察�
1860�察 �`that there was an amount of privation and suffering among that
portion of the population connected with the lace trade�察�unknown in other
parts of the kingdom�察�indeed�察�in the civilized world。 。 。 。 Children of nine
or ten years are dragged from their squalid beds at two�察�three�察�or four o
clock in the morning and compelled to work for a bare subsistence until
ten�察 �eleven�察 �or twelve at night�察 �their limbs wearing away�察 �their frames
dwindling�察 �their faces whitening�察 �and their humanity absolutely sinking
into a stone´like torpor�察�utterly horrible to contemplate。''��4�А�
��4�А�Vol。 i�察�p。 227。
Three railway men are standing before a London coroner's jurya
guard�察�an engine´driver�察�a signalman。 A tremendous railway accident has
hurried hundreds of passengers into another world。 The negligence of the
employes is the cause of the misfortune。 They declare with one voice
before the jury that ten or twelve years before�察�their labor only lasted eight
hours a day。 During the last five or six years it had been screwed up to 14�察�
18�察�and 20 hours�察�and under a specially severe pressure of holiday´makers�察�
at times of excursion trains�察�it often lasted 40 or 50 hours without a break。
They were ordinary men�察�not Cyclops。 At a certain point their labor´power
failed。 Torpor seized them。 Their brain ceased to think�察�their eyes to see。
The thoroughly ``respectable'' British jurymen answered by a verdict that
sent them to the next assizes on a charge of manslaughter�察�and�察�in a gentle
``rider'' to their verdict�察 �expressed the pious hope that the capitalistic
magnates of the railways would�察 �in future�察 �be more extravagant in the
purchase of a sufficient quantity of labor´power�察�and more ``abstemious��''
more ``self´denying��'' more ``thrifty��'' in the draining of paid labor´
power。��5�А�
��5�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 237�察�238。
In the last week of June�察�1863�察�all the London daily papers published
a paragraph with the ``sensational'' heading�察 �`Death from simple over´
work。'' It dealt with the death of the milliner�察�Mary Anne Walkley�察�20 years
of age�察 �employed in a highly respectable dressmaking establishment�察�
exploited by a lady with the pleasant name of Elise。 The old�察 �often´told
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
story was once more recounted。 This girl worked�察�on an average�察�16 1/2
hours�察�during the season often 30 hours�察�without a break�察�whilst her failing
labor´power was revived by occasional supplies of sherry�察�port�察�or coffee。
It was just now the height of the season。 It was necessary to conjure up in
the twinkling of an eye the gorgeous dresses for the noble ladies bidden to
the ball in honor of the newly´ imported Princess of Wales。 Mary Anne
Walkley had worked without intermission for 26 1/2 hours�察�with 60 other
girls�察 �30 in one room�察 �that only afforded 1/3 of the cubic feet of air
required for them。 At night�察�they slept in pairs in one of the stifling holes
into which the bedroom was divided by partitions of board。 And this was
one of the best millinery establishments in London。 Mary Anne Walkley
fell ill on the Friday�察 �died on Sunday�察 �without�察 �to the astonishment of
Madame Elise�察�having previously completed the work in hand。 The doctor�察�
Mr。 Keys�察 �called too late to the death bed�察 �duly bore witness before the
coroner's jury that ``Mary Anne Walkley had died from long hours of work
in an over´ crowded workroom�察 �and a too small and badly ventilated
bedroom。'' In order to give the doctor a lesson in good manners�察 �the
coroner's jury thereupon brought in a verdict that ``the deceased had died
of apoplexy�察 �but there was reason to fear that her death had been
accelerated by over´work in an over´crowded workroom�察�&c。'' ``Our white
slaves��'' cried the ``Morning Star��'' the organ of the free´traders�察 �Cobden
and Bright�察 �`our white slaves�察�who are toiled into the grave�察�for the most
part silently pine and die。''��6�А�
��6�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 239�察�240。
Edward VI�此�A statue of the first year of his reign�察�1547�察�ordains that if
anyone refuses to work�察�he shall be condemned as a slave to the person
who has denounced him as an idler。 The master shall feed his slave on
bread and water�察�weak broth and such refuse meat as he thinks fit。 He has
the right to force him to do any work�察�no matter how disgusting�察�with whip
and chains。 If the slave is absent a fortnight�察�he is condemned to slavery
for life and is to be branded on forehead or back with the letter S�察�if he
runs away thrice�察�he is to be executed as a felon。 The master can sell him�察�
bequeath him�察 �let him out on hire as a slave�察 �just as any other personal
chattel or cattle。 If the slaves attempt anything against the masters�察 �they
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
are also to be executed。 Justices of the peace�察�on information�察�are to hunt
the rascals down。 If it happens that a vagabond has been idling about for
three days�察�he is to be taken to his birthplace�察�branded with a redhot iron
with the letter V on the breast and be set to work�察�in chains�察�in the streets
or at some other labor。 If the vagabond gives a false birthplace�察�he is then
to become the slave for life of this place�察 �of its inhabitants�察 �or its
corporation�察�and to be branded with an S。 All persons have the right to take
away the children of the vagabonds and to keep them as apprentices�察�the
young men until the 24th year�察�the girls until the 20th。 If they run away�察�
they are to become up to this age the slaves of their masters�察�who can put
them in irons�察�whip them�察�&c。�察�if they like。 Every master may put an iron
ring around the neck�察 �arms or legs of his slave�察 �by which to know him
more easily and to be more certain of him。 The last part of this statute
provides that certain poor people may be employed by a place or by
persons�察 �who are willing to give them food and drink and to find them
work。 This kind of parish´slaves was kept up in England until far into the
19th century under the name of ``roundsmen。''��7�А�
��7�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 758�察�759。
Page after page and chapter after chapter of facts of this nature�察�each
brought up to illustrate some fatalistic theory which Marx professes to
have proved by exact reasoning�察�cannot but stir into fury any passionate
working´class reader�察�and into unbearable shame any possessor of capital
in whom generosity and justice are not wholly extinct。
Almost at the end of the volume�察 �in a very brief chapter�察 �called
``Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation��'' Marx allows one
moment's glimpse of the hope that lies beyond the present horror�此�
As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently
decomposed the old society from top to bottom�察�as soon as the laborers are
turned into proletarians�察�their means of labor into capital�察�as soon as the
capitalist mode of production stands on its own feet�察 �then the further
socialization of labor and further transformation of the land and other
means of production into so´ cially exploited and�察 �therefore�察 �common
m
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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