嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及6何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



theses   of   the   Communist   Manifesto。   It   contributed   the   theory  of   surplus 

value�察    �which    professed     to  explain     the  actual    mechanism       of  capitalist 

exploitation。 This doctrine is very complicated and is scarcely tenable as a 

contribution to pure theory。 It is rather to be viewed as a translation into 

abstract   terms   of   the   hatred   with   which   Marx   regarded   the   system   that 

coins wealth out of human lives�察�and it is in this spirit�察�rather than in that 

of   disinterested   analysis�察  �that   it   has   been   read   by  its   admirers。 A  critical 

examination of   the theory  of   surplus value   would   require   much   difficult 

and   abstract   discussion   of   pure   economic   theory   without   having   much 

bearing upon the practical truth or falsehood of Socialism�察�it has therefore 

seemed impossible within the limits of the present volume。 To   my  mind 

the   best   parts   of   the   book   are   those   which   deal   with   economic   facts�察  �of 

which Marx's knowledge was encyclopaedic。 It was by these facts that he 

hoped to instil into his disciples that firm and undying hatred that should 

make   them   soldiers   to   the   death   in   the   class   war。   The   facts   which   he 

accumulates   are   such   as   are   practically  unknown   to   the vast   majority  of 

those   who   live   comfortable   lives。   They   are   very   terrible   facts�察  �and   the 

economic   system   which   generates   them   must   be   acknowledged   to   be   a 

very terrible system。 A few examples of his choice of facts will serve to 

explain the bitterness of many Socialists�此�



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       Mr。 Broughton Charlton�察�county magistrate�察�declared�察�as chairman of 

a meeting held at the Assembly Rooms�察�Nottingham�察�on the 14th January�察�

1860�察   �`that   there   was   an   amount   of   privation   and   suffering   among   that 

portion of the population connected with the lace trade�察�unknown in other 

parts of the kingdom�察�indeed�察�in the civilized world。 。 。 。 Children of nine 

or ten years are dragged from their squalid beds at two�察�three�察�or four o 

clock in the morning and compelled to work for a bare subsistence until 

ten�察  �eleven�察  �or   twelve   at   night�察  �their   limbs   wearing   away�察  �their   frames 

dwindling�察  �their   faces   whitening�察  �and   their   humanity   absolutely   sinking 

into a stone´like torpor�察�utterly horrible to contemplate。''��4�А�

       ��4�А�Vol。 i�察�p。 227。 

       Three   railway   men   are   standing   before   a   London   coroner's   jurya 

guard�察�an engine´driver�察�a signalman。 A tremendous railway accident has 

hurried hundreds of passengers into another world。 The negligence of the 

employes   is   the   cause   of   the   misfortune。   They   declare   with   one   voice 

before the jury that ten or twelve years before�察�their labor only lasted eight 

hours a day。 During the last five or six years it had been screwed up to 14�察�

18�察�and 20 hours�察�and under a specially severe pressure of holiday´makers�察�

at times of excursion trains�察�it often lasted 40 or 50 hours without a break。 

They were ordinary men�察�not Cyclops。 At a certain point their labor´power 

failed。 Torpor seized them。 Their brain ceased to think�察�their eyes to see。 

The thoroughly ``respectable'' British jurymen answered by a verdict that 

sent them to the next assizes on a charge of manslaughter�察�and�察�in a gentle 

``rider''   to  their  verdict�察  �expressed     the   pious   hope    that  the  capitalistic 

magnates   of   the   railways   would�察  �in   future�察  �be   more   extravagant   in   the 

purchase of a sufficient quantity of labor´power�察�and more ``abstemious��'' 

more     ``self´denying��''     more    ``thrifty��''  in  the   draining    of   paid   labor´ 

power。��5�А�

       ��5�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 237�察�238。 

       In the last week of June�察�1863�察�all the London daily papers published 

a   paragraph   with   the   ``sensational''   heading�察   �`Death   from   simple   over´ 

work。'' It dealt with the death of the milliner�察�Mary Anne Walkley�察�20 years 

of   age�察  �employed      in   a  highly   respectable     dressmaking       establishment�察�

exploited   by  a   lady  with the   pleasant name   of   Elise。 The   old�察  �often´told 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



story was once more recounted。 This girl worked�察�on an average�察�16 1/2 

hours�察�during the season often 30 hours�察�without a break�察�whilst her failing 

labor´power was revived by occasional supplies of sherry�察�port�察�or coffee。 

It was just now the height of the season。 It was necessary to conjure up in 

the twinkling of an eye the gorgeous dresses for the noble ladies bidden to 

the ball   in   honor   of   the   newly´   imported   Princess of Wales。   Mary Anne 

Walkley had worked without intermission for 26 1/2 hours�察�with 60 other 

girls�察  �30   in   one   room�察  �that   only   afforded   1/3   of   the   cubic   feet   of   air 

required for them。 At night�察�they slept in pairs in one of the stifling holes 

into which the bedroom was divided by partitions of board。 And this was 

one of the best millinery establishments in London。 Mary Anne Walkley 

fell   ill   on   the   Friday�察  �died   on   Sunday�察  �without�察  �to   the   astonishment   of 

Madame Elise�察�having previously completed the work in hand。 The doctor�察�

Mr。  Keys�察 �called   too   late   to the   death   bed�察  �duly  bore   witness before   the 

coroner's jury that ``Mary Anne Walkley had died from long hours of work 

in   an   over´   crowded   workroom�察  �and   a   too   small   and   badly   ventilated 

bedroom。''   In   order   to   give   the   doctor   a   lesson   in   good   manners�察  �the 

coroner's jury thereupon brought in a verdict that ``the deceased had died 

of    apoplexy�察    �but   there   was    reason    to   fear   that  her   death    had    been 

accelerated by over´work in an over´crowded workroom�察�&c。'' ``Our white 

slaves��''   cried   the   ``Morning   Star��''   the   organ   of   the   free´traders�察  �Cobden 

and Bright�察 �`our white slaves�察�who are toiled into the grave�察�for the most 

part silently pine and die。''��6�А�

       ��6�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 239�察�240。 

       Edward VI�此�A statue of the first year of his reign�察�1547�察�ordains that if 

anyone refuses to work�察�he shall be condemned as a slave to the person 

who   has   denounced   him   as   an   idler。   The   master   shall   feed   his   slave   on 

bread and water�察�weak broth and such refuse meat as he thinks fit。 He has 

the right to force him to do any work�察�no matter how disgusting�察�with whip 

and chains。 If the slave is absent a fortnight�察�he is condemned to slavery 

for life and is to be branded on forehead or back with the letter S�察�if he 

runs away thrice�察�he is to be executed as a felon。 The master can sell him�察�

bequeath   him�察  �let   him  out   on   hire   as   a   slave�察  �just   as   any  other   personal 

chattel or   cattle。  If   the slaves   attempt   anything   against   the   masters�察 �they 



                                                 21 


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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



are also to be executed。 Justices of the peace�察�on information�察�are to hunt 

the rascals down。 If it happens that a vagabond has been idling about for 

three days�察�he is to be taken to his birthplace�察�branded with a redhot iron 

with the letter V on the breast and be set to work�察�in chains�察�in the streets 

or at some other labor。 If the vagabond gives a false birthplace�察�he is then 

to   become      the   slave    for  life  of   this  place�察   �of  its  inhabitants�察    �or   its 

corporation�察�and to be branded with an S。 All persons have the right to take 

away the children of the vagabonds and to keep them as apprentices�察�the 

young men until the 24th year�察�the girls until the 20th。 If they run away�察�

they are to become up to this age the slaves of their masters�察�who can put 

them in irons�察�whip them�察�&c。�察�if they like。 Every master may put an iron 

ring   around   the   neck�察  �arms   or   legs   of   his   slave�察  �by   which   to   know   him 

more   easily   and   to   be   more   certain   of   him。   The   last   part   of   this   statute 

provides   that   certain   poor   people   may   be   employed   by   a   place   or   by 

persons�察  �who   are   willing   to   give   them   food   and   drink   and   to   find   them 

work。 This kind of parish´slaves was kept up in England until far into the 

19th century under the name of ``roundsmen。''��7�А�

        ��7�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 758�察�759。 

        Page after page and chapter after chapter of facts of this nature�察�each 

brought   up   to   illustrate   some   fatalistic   theory   which   Marx   professes   to 

have proved by exact reasoning�察�cannot but stir into fury any passionate 

working´class reader�察�and into unbearable shame any possessor of capital 

in whom generosity and justice are not wholly extinct。 

     Almost      at  the   end   of   the  volume�察     �in  a  very   brief   chapter�察   �called 

``Historical      Tendency       of  Capitalist     Accumulation��''       Marx     allows    one 

moment's glimpse of the hope that lies beyond the present horror�此�

       As     soon     as   this    process     of    transformation        has    sufficiently 

decomposed the old society from top to bottom�察�as soon as the laborers are 

turned into proletarians�察�their means of labor into capital�察�as soon as the 

capitalist   mode   of   production   stands   on   its   own        feet�察  �then   the   further 

socialization   of   labor   and   further   transformation   of   the   land   and   other 

means   of   production   into   so´   cially   exploited   and�察  �therefore�察  �common 

m
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��