嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及9何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



fettering   them  with   duty   to   their  neighbor�察  �doubt   found   its   way  into   the 

world。 And then�察�with their gushing over music and fussing over ceremony�察�

the empire became divided against itself。��11�А�

       ��11�А �`Musings of a Chinese Mystic。'' Selections from the Philosophy 



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                            PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



of   Chuang   Tzu。   With   an   Introduction   by   Lionel   Giles�察  �M。A。   ��Oxon。��。 

Wisdom of the East Series�察�John Murray�察�1911。 Pages 66´68。 



     The modern Anarchism�察�in the sense in which we shall be concerned 

with it�察�is associated with belief in the communal ownership of land and 

capital�察�and is thus in an important respect akin to Socialism。 This doctrine 

is properly called Anarchist Com´ munism�察�but as it embraces practically 

all modern Anarchism�察�we may ignore individualist Anarchism altogether 

and    concentrate     attention   upon    the   communistic      form。    Socialism    and 

Anarchist Communism alike have arisen from the perception that private 

capital is a source of tyranny by certain individuals over others。 Orthodox 

Socialism      believes    that  the   individual    will   become     free   if  the  State 

becomes the sole capitalist。 Anarchism�察�on the contrary�察�fears that in that 

case    the  State   might    merely    inherit  the   tyrannical    propensities    of  the 

private     capitalist。  Accordingly�察     �it  seeks    for  a   means    of   reconciling 

communal ownership with the utmost possible diminution in the powers of 

the State�察�and indeed ultimately with the complete abolition of the State。 It 

has arisen mainly within the Socialist movement as its extreme left wing。 

     In the same sense in which Marx may be regarded as the founder of 

modern Socialism�察�Bakunin may be regarded as the founder of Anarchist 

Communism。   But   Bakunin   did   not   produce�察  �like   Marx�察  �a   finished   and 

systematic body of doctrine。 The nearest approach to this will be found in 

the    writings   of   his  follower�察   �Kropotkin。     In  order    to  explain   modern 

Anarchism we shall begin with the life of Bakunin��12�А�and the history of 

his conflicts with Marx�察�and shall then give a brief account of Anarchist 

theory     as   set  forth    partly   in   his  writings�察   �but   more     in   those   of 

Kropotkin。��13�А�

     ��12�А�An account of the life of Bakunin from the Anarchist standpoint 

will   be   found   in   vol。   ii   of   the   complete   edition   of   his   works�此   �`Michel 

Bakounine�察�OEuvres��'' Tome II。 Avec une notice biographique�察�des avant´ 

propos et des notes�察�par James Guillaume。 Paris�察�P。´V�察�Stock�察�editeur�察�pp。 

v´lxiii。 

     ��13�А�Criticism of these theories will be reserved for Part II。 

       Michel   Bakunin   was   born   in   1814   of   a   Russian   aristocratic   family。 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



His father was a diplomatist�察�who at the time of Bakunin's birth had retired 

to   his   country   estate   in   the   Government   of   Tver。   Bakunin   entered   the 

school   of   artillery   in   Petersburg   at   the   age   of   fifteen�察  �and   at   the   age   of 

eighteen was sent as an ensign to a regiment stationed in the Government 

of   Minsk。  The   Polish   insurrection   of   1880   had   just   been   crushed。   ``The 

spectacle of terrorized Poland��'' says Guillaume�察 �`acted powerfully on the 

heart of the young officer�察�and contributed to inspire in him the horror of 

despotism。''   This   led   him   to   give   up   the   military   career   after   two   years' 

trial。 In 1834 he resigned his commission and went to Moscow�察�where he 

spent six years studying philosophy。 Like all philosophical students of that 

period�察�he became a Hegelian�察�and in 1840 he went to Berlin to continue 

his studies�察�in the hope of ultimately becoming a professor。 But after this 

time   his   opinions   underwent   a   rapid   change。   He   found   it   impossible   to 

accept the   Hegelian   maxim  that   whatever   is�察 �is   rational�察  �and   in   1842   he 

migrated to Dresden�察�where he became associated with Arnold Ruge�察�the 

publisher      of  ``Deutsche      Jahrbuecher。''     By    this  time   he   had    become     a 

revolutionary�察  �and   in   the   following   year   he   incurred   the   hostility   of   the 

Saxon Government。 This led him to go to Switzerland�察�where he came in 

contact   with   a   group   of   German   Communists�察  �but�察  �as   the   Swiss   police 

importuned   him   and   the   Russian   Government   demanded   his   return�察  �he 

removed to Paris�察�where he remained from 1843 to 1847。 These years in 

Paris   were   important   in   the   formation   of   his   outlook   and   opinions。   He 

became       acquainted       with    Proudhon�察      �who      exercised     a    considerable 

influence   on   him�察  �also   with   George   Sand   and   many   other   well´   known 

people。  It   was   in   Paris   that   he   first   made   the   acquaintance   of   Marx   and 

Engels�察�with whom he was to carry on a lifelong battle。 At a much later 

period�察�in 1871�察�he gave the following account of his relations with Marx 

at this time�此�

        Marx was much more advanced than I was�察�as he remains to´day not 

more   advanced   but   incomparably   more   learned   than   I   am。   I   knew   then 

nothing   of   political   economy。   I   had   not   yet   rid   myself   of   metaphysical 

abstractions�察�and my Socialism was only instinctive。 He�察�though younger 

than I�察�was already an atheist�察�an instructed materialist�察�a well´considered 

Socialist。 It was just at this time that he elaborated the first foundations of 



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his   present   system。   We   saw   each   other   fairly   often�察  �for   I   respected   him 

much   for   his   learning   and   his   passionate   and   serious   devotion   ��always 

mixed�察�however�察�with personal vanity�� to the cause of the proletariat�察�and I 

sought eagerly his conversation�察�which was always instructive and clever�察�

when it was not inspired by a paltry hate�察�which�察�alas� �happened only too 

often。     But    there   was    never     any   frank    intimacy      between     as。   Our 

temperaments would not suffer it。 He called me a sentimental idealist�察�and 

he was right�察�I called him a vain man�察�perfidious and crafty�察�and I also was 

right。 

       Bakunin      never    succeeded     in   staying    long   in  one    place   without 

incurring the enmity of the authorities。 In November�察�1847�察�as the result of 

a speech praising the Polish rising of 1830�察�he was expelled from France at 

the request of the Russian Embassy�察�which�察�in order to rob him of public 

sympathy�察�spread the   unfounded report that he had been an   agent of the 

Russian Government�察�but was no longer wanted because he had gone too 

far。   The   French     Government�察      �by   calculated    reticence�察  �encouraged      this 

story�察�which clung to him more or less throughout his life。 

     Being     compelled      to  leave   France�察   �he   went   to   Brussels�察   �where    he 

renewed   acquaintance   with   Marx。   A   letter   of   his�察  �written   at   this   time�察�

shows that he entertained already that bitter hatred for which afterward he 

had    so   much     reason。    ``The    Germans�察     �artisans�察  �Bornstedt�察    �Marx    and 

Engelsand�察  �above        all�察  �Marxare   here�察  �doing   their   ordinary   mischief。 

Vanity�察     �spite�察   �gossip�察     �theoretical     overbearingness         and     practical 

pusillanimityreflections         on   life�察 �action   and   simplicity�察   �and   complete 

absence of life�察�action and simplicityliterary and argumentative artisans 

and   repulsive   coquetry   with   them�此   �Feuerbach   is   a   bourgeois��'   and   the 

word `bourgeois' grown into an epithet and repeated ad nauseum�察�but all of 

them     themselves      from    head   to  foot�察  �through     and   through�察   �provincial 

bourgeois。 With one word�察�lying and stupidity�察�stupidity and lying。 In this 

society there is no possibility of drawing a free�察�full breath。 I hold myself 

aloof   from   them�察  �and   have   declared   quite   decidedly   that   I   will   not   join 

their communistic union of artisans�察�and will have nothing to do with it。'' 

     The   Revolution       of  1848    led   him   to  return   to  Paris   and   thence   to 

Germany。 He had a quarrel with Marx over a matter in which he himself 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



confessed later   that   Marx   was   in   the   right。   He   became   a   member   of   the 

Slav Congress in Prague�察�where he vainly endeavored to promote a Slav 

insurrection。   Toward   the   end   of   1848�察  �he   wrote   an   ``Appeal   to   Slavs��'' 

calling on them to combine with other revolutionaries to destroy the three 

oppressive monarchies�察�Russia�察�Austria and Prussia。 Marx attacked him in 

print�察  �saying�察  �in   effect�察  �that   the   movement   for   Bohemian   independence 

was   futile   because   the   Slavs   had   no   future�察  �at   any   rate   in   those   regions 

where   they   hap´   pened   to   be   subject   to   Germany   and Austria。   Bakunin 

accused Mars of German patriotism in this matter�察�and Marx accused him 

of Pan´Slavism�察�no doubt in both cases justly。 Before this dispute�察�however�察�

a   much   more   serious   quarrel   had   taken   place。   Marx's   paper�察  �the   ``Neue 

Rheinische Zeitung��'' stated that George Sand had papers proving Bakunin 

to   be   a   Russian   Government   agent   and   one   of   those  
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��