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on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及1何蛍
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On the Improvement of the Understanding
On the Improvement of
the Understanding
by Baruch Spinoza
Translated by R。 H。 M。 Elwes
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On the Improvement of the Understanding
��1�А 。�1�� After experience had taught me that all the usual surroundings
of social life are vain and futile�察�seeing that none of the objects of my fears
contained in themselves anything either good or bad�察�except in so far as
the mind is affected by them�察�I finally resolved to inquire whether there
might be some real good having power to communicate itself�察 �which
would affect the mind singly�察�to the exclusion of all else�此�whether�察�in fact�察�
there might be anything of which the discovery and attainment would
enable me to enjoy continuous�察�supreme�察�and unending happiness。
��2�А 。�1�� I say ;I finally resolved�察─�for at first sight it seemed unwise
willingly to lose hold on what was sure for the sake of something then
uncertain。 ��2�� I could see the benefits which are acquired through fame
and riches�察 �and that I should be obliged to abandon the quest of such
objects�察�if I seriously devoted myself to the search for something different
and new。 ��3�� I perceived that if true happiness chanced to be placed in
the former I should necessarily miss it�察 �while if�察 �on the other hand�察 �it
were not so placed�察�and I gave them my whole attention�察�I should equally
fail。
��3�А 。�1�� I therefore debated whether it would not be possible to arrive
at the new principle�察�or at any rate at a certainty concerning its existence�察�
without changing the conduct and usual plan of my life�察�with this end in
view I made many efforts�察�in vain。 ��2�� For the ordinary surroundings of
life which are esteemed by men ��as their actions testify�� to be the highest
good�察 �may be classed under the three heads ´ Riches�察 �Fame�察 �and the
Pleasures of Sense�此 �with these three the mind is so absorbed that it has
little power to reflect on any different good。
��4�А 。�1�� By sensual pleasure the mind is enthralled to the extent of
quiescence�察 �as if the supreme good were actually attained�察 �so that it is
quite incapable of thinking of any other object�察 �when such pleasure has
been gratified it is followed by extreme melancholy�察 �whereby the mind�察�
though not enthralled�察�is disturbed and dulled。 ��2�� The pursuit of honors
and riches is likewise very absorbing�察�especially if such objects be sought
simply for their own sake�察 。�a�А �inasmuch as they are then supposed to
constitute the highest good。
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��5�А 。�1�� In the case of fame the mind is still more absorbed�察�for fame
is conceived as always good for its own sake�察�and as the ultimate end to
which all actions are directed。 ��2�� Further�察�the attainment of riches and
fame is not followed as in the case of sensual pleasures by repentance�察�but�察�
the more we acquire�察 �the greater is our delight�察 �and�察 �consequently�察 �the
more are we incited to increase both the one and the other�察�on the other
hand�察�if our hopes happen to be frustrated we are plunged into the deepest
sadness。 ��3�� Fame has the further drawback that it compels its votaries to
order their lives according to the opinions of their fellow´men�察�shunning
what they usually shun�察�and seeking what they usually seek。
��6�А 。�1�� When I saw that all these ordinary objects of desire would be
obstacles in the way of a search for something different and new ´ nay�察�that
they were so opposed thereto�察 �that either they or it would have to be
abandoned�察�I was forced to inquire which would prove the most useful to
me�此�for�察�as I say�察�I seemed to be willingly losing hold on a sure good for
the sake of something uncertain。 ��6��2�� However�察�after I had reflected on
the matter�察�I came in the first place to the conclusion that by abandoning
the ordinary objects of pursuit�察 �and betaking myself to a new quest�察 �I
should be leaving a good�察�uncertain by reason of its own nature�察�as may be
gathered from what has been said�察�for the sake of a good not uncertain in
its nature ��for I sought for a fixed good���察�but only in the possibility of its
attainment。
��7�А。�1�� Further reflection convinced me that if I could really get to the
root of the matter I should be leaving certain evils for a certain good。 ��2��
I thus perceived that I was in a state of great peril�察�and I compelled myself
to seek with all my strength for a remedy�察�however uncertain it might be�察�
as a sick man struggling with a deadly disease�察�when he sees that death
will surely be upon him unless a remedy be found�察�is compelled to seek a
remedy with all his strength�察 �inasmuch as his whole hope lies therein。
��7��3�� All the objects pursued by the multitude not only bring no remedy
that tends to preserve our being�察�but even act as hindrances�察�causing the
death not seldom of those who possess them�察。�b�А�and always of those who
are possessed by them。
��8�А 。�1�� There are many examples of men who have suffered
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On the Improvement of the Understanding
persecution even to death for the sake of their riches�察�and of men who in
pursuit of wealth have exposed themselves to so many dangers�察�that they
have paid away their life as a penalty for their folly。 ��2�� Examples are no
less numerous of men�察�who have endured the utmost wretchedness for the
sake of gaining or preserving their reputation。 ��3�� Lastly�察 �are
innumerable cases of men�察 �who have hastened their death through over´
indulgence in sensual pleasure。
��9�А 。�1�� All these evils seem to have arisen from the fact�察 �that
happiness or unhappiness is made wholly dependent on the quality of the
object which we love。 ��2�� When a thing is not loved�察 �no quarrels will
arise concerning it ´ no sadness be felt if it hatred�察�in short no disturbances
of the mind。 ��3�� All these arise from the love of what is perishable�察�such
as the objects already mentioned。
��10�А 。�1�� But love towards a thing eternal and infinite feeds the mind
wholly with joy�察�and is itself unmingled with any sadness�察�wherefore it is
greatly to be desired and sought for with all our strength。 ��2�� Yet it was
not at random that I used the words�察 �If I could go to the root of the
matter�察─�for�察�though what I have urged was perfectly clear to my mind�察�I
could not forthwith lay aside all love of riches�察 �sensual enjoyment�察 �and
fame。
��11�А 。�1�� One thing was evident�察 �namely�察 �that while my mind was
employed with these thoughts it turned away from its former objects of
desire�察�and seriously considered the search for a new principle�察�this state
of things was a great comfort to me�察�for I perceived that the evils were not
such as to resist all remedies。 ��11��2�� Although these intervals were at
first rare�察 �and of very short duration�察 �yet afterwards�察 �as the true good
became more and more discernible to me�察�they became more frequent and
more lasting�察 �especially after I had recognized that the acquisition of
wealth�察�sensual pleasure�察�or fame�察�is only a hindrance�察�so long as they are
sought as ends not as means�察 �if they be sought as means�察 �they will be
under restraint�察�and�察�far from being hindrances�察�will further not a little the
end for which they are sought�察�as I will show in due time。
��12�А 。�1�� I will here only briefly state what I mean by true good�察�and
also what is the nature of the highest good。 ��2�� In order that this may be
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rightly understood�察�we must bear in mind that the terms good and evil are
only applied relatively�察�so that the same thing may be called both good and
bad according to the relations in view�察�in the same way as it may be called
perfect or imperfect。 ��3�� Nothing regarded in its own nature can be called
perfect or imperfect�察�especially when we are aware that all things which
come to pass�察�come to pass according to the eternal order and fixed laws
of nature。
��13�А 。�1�� However�察�human weakness cannot attain to this order in its
own thoughts�察 �but meanwhile man conceives a human character much
more stable than his own�察�and sees that there is no reason why he should
not himself acquire such a character。 ��2�� Thus he is led to seek for means
which will bring him to this pitch of perfection�察 �and calls everything
which will serve as such means a true good。 ��13��3�� The chief good is that
he should arrive�察 �together with other individuals if possible�察 �at the
possession of the aforesaid character。 ��4�� What that character is we shall
show in due time�察�namely�察�that it is the knowledge of the union existing
being the mind
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