嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及2何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
show in due time�察�namely�察�that it is the knowledge of the union existing
being the mind and the whole of nature。 ��c�А�
��14�А 。�1�� This�察�then�察�is the end for which I strive�察�to attain to such a
character myself�察�and to endeavor that many should attain to it with me。
��2�� In other words�察�it is part of my happiness to lend a helping hand�察�that
many others may understand even as I do�察�so that their understanding and
desire may entirely agree with my own。 ��3�� In order to bring this about�察�it
is necessary to understand as much of nature as will enable us to attain to
the aforesaid character�察�and also to form a social order such as is most
conducive to the attainment of this character by the greatest number with
the least difficulty and danger。
��15�А 。�1�� We must seek the assistance of Moral Philosophy ��d�А�and the
Theory of Education�察 �further�察 �as health is no insignificant means for
attaining our end�察 �we must also include the whole science of Medicine�察�
and�察�as many difficult things are by contrivance rendered easy�察�and we can
in this way gain much time and convenience�察 �the science of Mechanics
must in no way be despised。
��16�А 。�1�� But before all things�察 �a means must be devised for
improving the understanding and purifying it�察 �as far as may be at the
5
´ Page 6´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
outset�察 �so that it may apprehend things without error�察 �and in the best
possible way。 ��2�� Thus it is apparent to everyone that I wish to direct all
science to one end ��e�А �and aim�察 �so that we may attain to the supreme
human perfection which we have named�察�and�察�therefore�察�whatsoever in the
sciences does not serve to promote our object will have to be rejected as
useless。 ��3�� To sum up the matter in a word�察�all our actions and thoughts
must be directed to this one end。
��17�А 。�1�� Yet�察�as it is necessary that while we are endeavoring to attain
our purpose�察 �and bring the understanding into the right path we should
carry on our life�察�we are compelled first of all to lay down certain rules of
life as provisionally good�察 �to wit the following�此� I。 ��2�� To speak in a
manner intelligible to the multitude�察 �and to comply with every
general custom that does not hinder the attainment of our purpose。
��3�� For we can gain from the multitude no small advantages�察�
provided that we strive to accommodate ourselves to its
understanding as far as possible�此�moreover�察 �we shall in this way gain
a friendly audience for the reception of the truth。 II。 ��17��4�� To
indulge ourselves with pleasures only in so far as they are necessary
for preserving health。 III。 ��5�� Lastly�察�to endeavor to obtain only sufficient
money or other commodities to enable us to preserve our life and
health�察�and to follow such general customs as are consistent with our
purpose。
��18�А 。�1�� Having laid down these preliminary rules�察 �I will betake
myself to the first and most important task�察�namely�察�the amendment of the
understanding�察�and the rendering it capable of understanding things in the
manner necessary for attaining our end。 ��2�� In order to bring this about�察�
the natural order demands that I should here recapitulate all the modes of
perception�察 �which I have hitherto employed for affirming or denying
anything with certainty�察�so that I may choose the best�察�and at the same time
begin to know my own powers and the nature which I wish to perfect。
��19�А。�1�� Reflection shows that all modes of perception or knowledge
may be reduced to four�此� I。 ��2�� Perception arising from hearsay or from
some sign which everyone may name as he please。 II。 ��3�� Perception
arising from mere experience ´ that is�察 �form experience not yet
6
´ Page 7´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
classified by the intellect�察�and only so called because the given event
has happened to take place�察�and we have no contradictory fact to set
against it�察 �so that it therefore remains unassailed in our minds。 III。
��19��4�� Perception arising when the essence of one thing is inferred
from another thing�察 �but not adequately�察 �this comes when ��f�А �from some
effect we gather its cause�察 �or when it is inferred from some general
proposition that some property is always present。 IV。 ��5�� Lastly�察�there is
the perception arising when a thing is perceived solely through its
essence�察�or through the knowledge of its proximate cause。
��20�А。�1�� All these kinds of perception I will illustrate by examples。 ��2��
By hearsay I know the day of my birth�察�my parentage�察�and other matters
about which I have never felt any doubt。 ��3�� By mere experience I know
that I shall die�察 �for this I can affirm from having seen that others like
myself have died�察�though all did not live for the same period�察�or die by the
same disease。 ��4�� I know by mere experience that oil has the property of
feeding fire�察�and water of extinguishing it。 ��5�� In the same way I know
that a dog is a barking animal�察�man a rational animal�察�and in fact nearly all
the practical knowledge of life。
��21�А 。�1�� We deduce one thing from another as follows�此 �when we
clearly perceive that we feel a certain body and no other�察�we thence clearly
infer that the mind is united ��g�А �to the body�察 �and that their union is the
cause of the given sensation�察�but we cannot thence absolutely understand
��h�А�the nature of the sensation and the union。 ��2�� Or�察�after I have become
acquainted with the nature of vision�察�and know that it has the property of
making one and the same thing appear smaller when far off than when
near�察�I can infer that the sun is larger than it appears�察�and can draw other
conclusions of the same kind。
��22�А 。�1�� Lastly�察�a thing may be perceived solely through its essence�察�
when�察�from the fact of knowing something�察�I know what it is to know that
thing�察�or when�察�from knowing the essence of the mind�察�I know that it is
united to the body。 ��2�� By the same kind of knowledge we know that two
and three make five�察�or that two lines each parallel to a third�察�are parallel
to one another�察�&c。 ��3�� The things which I have been able to know by this
kind of knowledge are as yet very few。
7
´ Page 8´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
��23�А 。�1�� In order that the whole matter may be put in a clearer light�察�I
will make use of a single illustration as follows。 ��2�� Three numbers are
given ´ it is required to find a fourth�察 �which shall be to the third as the
second is to the first。 ��23��3�� Tradesmen will at once tell us that they know
what is required to find the fourth number�察�for they have not yet forgotten
the rule which was given to them arbitrarily without proof by their masters�察�
others construct a universal axiom from their experience with simple
numbers�察�where the fourth number is self´evident�察�as in the case of 2�察�4�察�3�察�
6�察�here it is evident that if the second number be multiplied by the third�察�
and the product divided by the first�察�the quotient is 6�察�when they see that
by this process the number is produced which they knew beforehand to be
the proportional�察�they infer that the process always holds good for finding
a fourth number proportional。
��24�А 。�1�� Mathematicians�察 �however�察 �know by the proof of the
nineteenth proposition of the seventh book of Euclid�察 �what numbers are
proportionals�察 �namely�察 �from the nature and property of proportion it
follows that the product of the first and fourth will be equal to the product
of the second and third�此�still they do not see the adequate proportionality
of the given numbers�察 �or�察 �if they do see it�察 �they see it not by virtue of
Euclid's proposition�察�but intuitively�察�without going through any process。
��25�А。�1�� In order that from these modes of perception the best may be
selected�察�it is well that we should briefly enumerate the means necessary
for attaining our end。
I。 ��2�� To have an exact knowledge of our nature which we desire to
perfect�察 �and to know as much as is needful of nature in general。
II。 To collect in this way the differences�察 �the agreements�察 �and the
oppositions of things。 III。 To learn thus exactly how far
they can or cannot be modified。 IV。 To compare this result
with the nature and power of man。 ��4�� We shall thus discern the
highest degree of perfection to which man is capable of attaining。
��26�А。�1�� We shall then be in a position to see which mode of pe
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��