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栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及2何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



show in due time�察�namely�察�that it is the knowledge of the union existing 

being the mind and the whole of nature。 ��c�А�

     ��14�А   。�1�� This�察�then�察�is the end for which I strive�察�to attain to such a 

character myself�察�and to endeavor that many should attain to it with me。 

��2�� In other words�察�it is part of my happiness to lend a helping hand�察�that 

many others may understand even as I do�察�so that their understanding and 

desire may entirely agree with my own。 ��3�� In order to bring this about�察�it 

is necessary to understand as much of nature as will enable us to attain to 

the aforesaid character�察�and          also to form a social order such as is most 

conducive to the attainment of this character by the greatest number with 

the least difficulty and danger。 

     ��15�А   。�1�� We must seek the assistance of Moral Philosophy ��d�А�and the 

Theory      of  Education�察    �further�察  �as  health   is  no   insignificant    means    for 

attaining   our   end�察  �we   must   also   include   the   whole   science   of   Medicine�察�

and�察�as many difficult things are by contrivance rendered easy�察�and we can 

in   this   way   gain   much   time   and   convenience�察  �the   science   of   Mechanics 

must in no way be despised。 

     ��16�А    。�1��    But   before    all  things�察   �a  means     must    be   devised    for 

improving   the   understanding   and   purifying   it�察  �as   far   as   may   be   at   the 



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outset�察  �so   that   it   may   apprehend   things   without   error�察  �and   in   the   best 

possible way。       ��2�� Thus it is apparent to everyone that I wish to direct all 

science   to   one   end   ��e�А  �and   aim�察  �so   that   we   may   attain   to   the   supreme 

human perfection which we have named�察�and�察�therefore�察�whatsoever in the 

sciences does not serve to promote our object will have to be rejected as 

useless。     ��3�� To sum up the matter in a word�察�all our actions and thoughts 

must be directed to this one end。 

     ��17�А    。�1�� Yet�察�as it is necessary that while we are endeavoring to attain 

our   purpose�察  �and   bring   the   understanding   into   the   right   path   we   should 

carry on our life�察�we are compelled first of all to lay down certain rules of 

life   as   provisionally   good�察  �to   wit   the   following�此�   I。   ��2��   To   speak   in   a 

manner      intelligible    to  the   multitude�察    �and   to         comply      with    every 

general   custom  that   does   not   hinder   the           attainment   of   our   purpose。 

��3��    For   we    can   gain   from     the  multitude            no    small    advantages�察�

provided       that   we     strive   to   accommodate                   ourselves       to   its 

understanding as far as possible�此�moreover�察                    �we shall in this way gain 

a   friendly   audience      for  the   reception          of   the  truth。    II。  ��17��4��    To 

indulge ourselves with pleasures only in so far as they                        are necessary 

for preserving health。         III。 ��5�� Lastly�察�to endeavor to obtain only sufficient 

money   or   other          commodities   to   enable   us   to   preserve   our   life   and 

health�察�and to           follow such general customs as are consistent with our 

purpose。 

     ��18�А    。�1��   Having     laid   down    these   preliminary   rules�察  �I    will   betake 

myself to the first and most important task�察�namely�察�the amendment of the 

understanding�察�and the rendering it capable of understanding things in the 

manner necessary for attaining our end。                ��2�� In order to bring this about�察�

the natural order demands that I should here recapitulate all the modes of 

perception�察     �which    I  have    hitherto    employed      for  affirming     or  denying 

anything with certainty�察�so that I may choose the best�察�and at the same time 

begin to know my own powers and the nature which I wish to perfect。 

     ��19�А。�1�� Reflection shows that all modes of perception or knowledge 

may  be   reduced to   four�此�   I。   ��2��   Perception   arising   from  hearsay  or   from 

some sign which             everyone may name as he please。               II。 ��3�� Perception 

arising     from    mere    experience      ´  that  is�察 �form        experience       not   yet 



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classified by the intellect�察�and only so called                because the given event 

has happened to take place�察�and we have no                     contradictory fact to set 

against   it�察  �so   that   it   therefore   remains     unassailed   in   our   minds。   III。 

��19��4��     Perception     arising   when     the   essence    of  one    thing   is  inferred 

from   another   thing�察  �but   not   adequately�察  �this   comes   when   ��f�А  �from   some 

effect    we   gather    its  cause�察 �or   when    it  is  inferred   from   some     general 

proposition that some property is            always present。 IV。 ��5�� Lastly�察�there is 

the   perception   arising   when   a   thing   is       perceived   solely   through   its 

essence�察�or through the knowledge                 of its proximate cause。 

     ��20�А。�1�� All these kinds of perception I will illustrate by examples。 ��2�� 

By hearsay I know the day of my birth�察�my parentage�察�and other matters 

about which I have never felt any doubt。              ��3�� By mere experience I know 

that   I   shall   die�察  �for   this   I   can   affirm   from   having   seen   that   others   like 

myself have died�察�though all did not live for the same period�察�or die by the 

same disease。       ��4�� I know by mere experience that oil has the property of 

feeding fire�察�and water of extinguishing it。              ��5�� In the same way I know 

that a dog is a barking animal�察�man a rational animal�察�and in fact nearly all 

the practical knowledge of life。 

     ��21�А   。�1��   We   deduce   one   thing   from   another   as   follows�此  �when   we 

clearly perceive that we feel a certain body and no other�察�we thence clearly 

infer   that   the   mind   is   united   ��g�А  �to   the  body�察  �and   that   their   union   is   the 

cause of the given sensation�察�but we cannot thence absolutely understand 

��h�А�the nature of the sensation and the union。              ��2�� Or�察�after I have become 

acquainted with the nature of vision�察�and know that it has the property of 

making   one   and   the   same   thing   appear   smaller   when   far   off   than   when 

near�察�I can infer that the sun is larger than it appears�察�and can draw other 

conclusions of the same kind。 

     ��22�А   。�1�� Lastly�察�a thing may be perceived solely through its essence�察�

when�察�from the fact of knowing something�察�I know what it is to know that 

thing�察�or when�察�from knowing the essence of the mind�察�I know that it is 

united to the body。       ��2�� By the same kind of knowledge we know that two 

and three make five�察�or that two lines each parallel to a third�察�are parallel 

to one another�察�&c。 ��3�� The things which I have been able to know by this 

kind of knowledge are as yet very few。 



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     ��23�А    。�1�� In order that the whole matter may be put in a clearer light�察�I 

will   make   use   of   a   single   illustration   as   follows。   ��2�� Three   numbers   are 

given   ´   it   is   required   to   find   a   fourth�察  �which   shall   be   to   the third   as   the 

second is to the first。 ��23��3�� Tradesmen will at once tell us that they know 

what is required to find the fourth number�察�for they have not yet forgotten 

the rule which was given to them arbitrarily without proof by their masters�察�

others     construct    a  universal     axiom    from    their   experience      with   simple 

numbers�察�where the fourth number is self´evident�察�as in the case of 2�察�4�察�3�察�

6�察�here it is evident that if the second number be multiplied by the third�察�

and the product divided by the first�察�the quotient is 6�察�when they see that 

by this process the number is produced which they knew beforehand to be 

the proportional�察�they infer that the process always holds good for finding 

a fourth number proportional。 

     ��24�А     。�1��    Mathematicians�察       �however�察     �know     by    the   proof    of   the 

nineteenth   proposition   of   the  seventh   book   of   Euclid�察  �what   numbers   are 

proportionals�察      �namely�察    �from    the   nature   and    property     of  proportion      it 

follows that the product of the first and fourth will be equal to the product 

of the second and third�此�still they do not see the adequate proportionality 

of   the   given   numbers�察  �or�察  �if   they   do   see   it�察  �they   see   it   not   by   virtue   of 

Euclid's proposition�察�but intuitively�察�without going through any process。 

     ��25�А。�1�� In order that from these modes of perception the best may be 

selected�察�it is well that we should briefly enumerate the means necessary 

for attaining our end。 

     I。   ��2�� To have an exact knowledge of our nature which we desire to 

perfect�察    �and   to   know     as   much     as   is  needful     of   nature    in  general。 

II。   To   collect    in   this  way     the  differences�察     �the  agreements�察      �and    the 

oppositions   of   things。                         III。   To   learn   thus   exactly   how   far 

they can or cannot be modified。                                IV。 To compare this result 

with   the   nature   and   power   of   man。           ��4��   We   shall   thus   discern   the 

highest degree of perfection                to which man is capable of attaining。 

     ��26�А。�1�� We shall then be in a position to see which mode of pe
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