嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及10何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



conclusion is a particular affirmative essence。                 ��2�� The more specialized 

the idea is�察�the more it is distinct�察�and therefore clear。                  ��3�� Wherefore a 

knowledge        of   particular    things   should     be   sought    for   as  diligently    as 

possible。 

     ��99�А    。�1�� As regards the order of our perceptions�察�and the manner in 

which they should be arranged and united�察�it is necessary that�察�as soon as 

is possible and rational�察�we should inquire whether there be any being ��and�察�

if   so�察  �what   being���察  �that   is   the   cause   of   all   things�察  �so   that   its   essence�察�

represented   in   thought�察  �may   be   the   cause   of   all   our   ideas�察  �and   then   our 

mind   will   to   the   utmost   possible   extent   reflect   nature。   ��2��   For   it   will 

possess�察�subjectively�察�nature's essence�察�order�察�and union。                  ��3�� Thus we can 

see that it is before all things necessary for us to deduce all our ideas from 

physical things ´ that is�察�from real entities�察�proceeding�察�as far as may be�察�

according to the series of causes�察�from one real entity to another real entity�察�

never   passing   to   universals   and   abstractions�察  �either   for   the   purpose   of 

deducing some   real   entity  from  them�察  �or   deducing   them  from  some   real 

entity。    ��4��   Either   of   these   processes   interrupts   the   true   progress   of   the 

understanding。 

     ��100�А    。�1�� But   it must   be observed   that�察  �by the series of   causes   and 

real entities�察�I do not here mean the series of particular and mutable things�察�

but only the series of fixed and eternal things。 ��2�� It would be impossible 

for human infirmity to follow up the series of particular mutable things�察�

both on account their multitude�察�surpassing all calculation�察�and on account 

of the infinitely diverse circumstances surrounding one and the same thing�察�

any one of which may be the cause of its existence or non´existence。                         ��3�� 

Indeed�察  �their   existence   has   no   connection   with   their   essence�察  �or   ��as   we 



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have said already�� is not an eternal truth。 

     ��101�А  。�1��   Neither   is   there   any   need   that   we   should   understand   their 

series�察�for the essences of particular mutable things are not to be gathered 

from   their    series   or  order   of   existence�察   �which    would    furnish    us  with 

nothing beyond their extrinsic denominations�察�their relations�察�or�察�at most�察�

their   circumstances�察     �all   of  which   are   very   different   from   their   inmost 

essence。 ��101��2�� This inmost essence must be sought solely from fixed and 

eternal things�察�and from the laws�察�inscribed ��so to speak�� in those things as 

in their true codes�察�according to which all particular things take place and 

are arranged�察�nay�察�these mutable particular things depend so intimately and 

essentially ��so to phrase it�� upon the fixed things�察�that they cannot either 

be conceived without them。 

     ��102�А    。�1�� But�察�though this be so�察�there seems to be no small difficulty 

in   arriving   at   the   knowledge   of   these   particular   things�察  �for   to   conceive 

them all at once would far surpass the powers of the human understanding。 

��2�� The arrangement whereby one thing is understood�察�before another�察�as 

we   have   stated�察 �should   not be   sought   from  their   series   of   existence�察 �nor 

from eternal things。        ��3�� For the latter are all by nature simultaneous。            ��4�� 

Other aids are therefore needed besides those employed for understanding 

eternal    things    and   their  laws。    ��5��   However�察     �this  is  not  the   place   to 

recount such aids�察�nor is there any need to do so�察�until we have acquired a 

sufficient knowledge of eternal things and their infallible laws�察�and until 

the nature of our senses has become plain to us。 

     ��103�А    。�1�� Before betaking ourselves to seek knowledge of particular 

things�察�it will be seasonable to speak of such aids�察�as all tend to teach us 

the mode of employing our senses�察�and to make certain experiments under 

fixed rules and arrangements which may suffice to determine the object of 

our inquiry�察�so that we may therefrom infer what laws of eternal things it 

has been produced under�察�and may gain an insight into its inmost nature�察�

as   I   will  duly   show。    ��2��   Here�察  �to  return   to   my   purpose�察  �I   will  only 

endeavor   to   set   forth   what   seems   necessary   for   enabling   us   to   attain   to 

knowledge of eternal things�察�and to define them under the conditions laid 

down above。 

     ��104�А    。�1�� With this end�察�we must bear in mind what has already been 



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stated�察�namely�察�that when the mind devotes itself to any thought�察�so as to 

examine       it�察 �and   to  deduce     therefrom      in  due    order   all  the   legitimate 

conclusions possible�察�any falsehood which may lurk in the thought will be 

detected�察�but if the thought be true�察�the mind will readily proceed without 

interruption to deduce truths from it。 ��104��2�� This�察�I say�察�is necessary for 

our purpose�察�for our thoughts may be brought to a close by the absence of 

a foundation。 

     ��105�А    。�1�� If�察�therefore�察�we wish to investigate the first thing of all�察�it 

will    be   necessary     to   supply    some     foundation      which     may    direct   our 

thoughts   thither。      ��2��   Further�察 �since   method is   reflective   knowledge�察  �the 

foundation   which   must   direct   our   thoughts   can   be   nothing   else   than   the 

knowledge of that which constitutes the reality of truth�察�and the knowledge 

of the understanding�察�its properties�察�and powers。                 ��3�� When this has been 

acquired   we   shall   possess   a   foundation   wherefrom   we   can   deduce   our 

thoughts�察�and a path whereby the intellect�察�according to its capacity�察�may 

attain    the  knowledge       of   eternal   things�察  �allowance      being    made    for   the 

extent of the intellectual powers。 

     ��106�А    。�1��  If�察 �as   I stated   in   the  first   part�察�it   belongs   to   the nature   of 

thought   to   form   true   ideas�察  �we   must   here   inquire   what   is   meant   by   the 

faculties     and   power     of  the   understanding。       ��2��    The   chief   part   of   our 

method is to understand as well as possible the powers of the intellect�察�and 

its nature�察�we are�察�therefore�察�compelled ��by the considerations advanced in 

the second part of the method�� necessarily to draw these conclusions from 

the definition itself of thought and understanding。 

     ��107�А     。�1��   But�察  �so   far  as   we   have    not   got   any   rules   for   finding 

definitions�察  �and�察  �as   we   cannot   set   forth   such   rules   without   a   previous 

knowledge of nature�察�that is without a definition of the understanding and 

its power�察�it follows either that the definition of the understanding must be 

clear in itself�察�or that we can understand nothing。                  ��2�� Nevertheless this 

definition   is   not   absolutely   clear   in   itself�察  �however�察  �since   its   properties�察�

like all things that we possess through the understanding�察�cannot be known 

clearly      and     distinctly�察    �unless     its   nature     be     known       previously�察�

understanding makes itself manifest�察�if we pay attention to its properties�察�

which we know clearly and distinctly。                 ��3�� Let us�察�then�察�enumerate here 



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the   properties   of   the   understanding�察  �let   us   examine   them�察  �and   begin   by 

discussing   the   instruments   for   research   which   we   find   innate   in   us。   See 

��31�А�

     ��108�А    。�1�� The  properties of   the understanding   which   I   have   chiefly 

remarked�察  �and   which   I   clearly   understand�察  �are   the   following�此�   I。   ��2��   It 

involves   certainty   ´   in   other   words�察  �it   knows   that   a   thing       exists   in 

reality as   it   is reflected subjectively。   II。   ��108��3�� That   it   perceives   certain 

things�察�or forms some ideas                absolutely�察�some ideas from others。               ��4�� 

Thus it forms the            idea of quantity absolutely�察�without reference to any 

other        thoughts�察  �but   ideas   of   motion   it   only   forms   after   taking   into 

consideration   the       idea   of   quantity。   III。  ��108��5��   Those     ideas   which     the 

understanding forms absolutely                 express infinity�察�determinate ideas are 

derived from other             ideas。     ��6�� Thus in the idea of quantity�察�perceived 

by   means         of   a   cause�察  �the   quantity   is   determined�察  �as   when   a   body   is 

perceived   to   be   formed   by   the   motion   of   a   plane�察  �a   plane   by          the 

motion of a line�察�or�察�again�察�a line by the motion of a                       point。     ��7�� All 

these     are  perceptions      which     do   not   serve        towards      understanding 

quantity�察�but only towards determining                   it。   ��108��8�� This is proved by 

the fact that we conceive them                as formed as it were by motion�察�yet this 

motion is not perceived              unless the quantity be perceived also�察�we can 

even prolong the             motion to form an infinite line�察�which we certainly 

could   not   do        unless   we   had   an   idea   of   infinite   quantity。   IV。   ��9��   The 

understanding forms positive ideas before forming                        neg
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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