嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及10何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
conclusion is a particular affirmative essence。 ��2�� The more specialized
the idea is�察�the more it is distinct�察�and therefore clear。 ��3�� Wherefore a
knowledge of particular things should be sought for as diligently as
possible。
��99�А 。�1�� As regards the order of our perceptions�察�and the manner in
which they should be arranged and united�察�it is necessary that�察�as soon as
is possible and rational�察�we should inquire whether there be any being ��and�察�
if so�察 �what being���察 �that is the cause of all things�察 �so that its essence�察�
represented in thought�察 �may be the cause of all our ideas�察 �and then our
mind will to the utmost possible extent reflect nature。 ��2�� For it will
possess�察�subjectively�察�nature's essence�察�order�察�and union。 ��3�� Thus we can
see that it is before all things necessary for us to deduce all our ideas from
physical things ´ that is�察�from real entities�察�proceeding�察�as far as may be�察�
according to the series of causes�察�from one real entity to another real entity�察�
never passing to universals and abstractions�察 �either for the purpose of
deducing some real entity from them�察 �or deducing them from some real
entity。 ��4�� Either of these processes interrupts the true progress of the
understanding。
��100�А 。�1�� But it must be observed that�察 �by the series of causes and
real entities�察�I do not here mean the series of particular and mutable things�察�
but only the series of fixed and eternal things。 ��2�� It would be impossible
for human infirmity to follow up the series of particular mutable things�察�
both on account their multitude�察�surpassing all calculation�察�and on account
of the infinitely diverse circumstances surrounding one and the same thing�察�
any one of which may be the cause of its existence or non´existence。 ��3��
Indeed�察 �their existence has no connection with their essence�察 �or ��as we
32
´ Page 33´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
have said already�� is not an eternal truth。
��101�А 。�1�� Neither is there any need that we should understand their
series�察�for the essences of particular mutable things are not to be gathered
from their series or order of existence�察 �which would furnish us with
nothing beyond their extrinsic denominations�察�their relations�察�or�察�at most�察�
their circumstances�察 �all of which are very different from their inmost
essence。 ��101��2�� This inmost essence must be sought solely from fixed and
eternal things�察�and from the laws�察�inscribed ��so to speak�� in those things as
in their true codes�察�according to which all particular things take place and
are arranged�察�nay�察�these mutable particular things depend so intimately and
essentially ��so to phrase it�� upon the fixed things�察�that they cannot either
be conceived without them。
��102�А 。�1�� But�察�though this be so�察�there seems to be no small difficulty
in arriving at the knowledge of these particular things�察 �for to conceive
them all at once would far surpass the powers of the human understanding。
��2�� The arrangement whereby one thing is understood�察�before another�察�as
we have stated�察 �should not be sought from their series of existence�察 �nor
from eternal things。 ��3�� For the latter are all by nature simultaneous。 ��4��
Other aids are therefore needed besides those employed for understanding
eternal things and their laws。 ��5�� However�察 �this is not the place to
recount such aids�察�nor is there any need to do so�察�until we have acquired a
sufficient knowledge of eternal things and their infallible laws�察�and until
the nature of our senses has become plain to us。
��103�А 。�1�� Before betaking ourselves to seek knowledge of particular
things�察�it will be seasonable to speak of such aids�察�as all tend to teach us
the mode of employing our senses�察�and to make certain experiments under
fixed rules and arrangements which may suffice to determine the object of
our inquiry�察�so that we may therefrom infer what laws of eternal things it
has been produced under�察�and may gain an insight into its inmost nature�察�
as I will duly show。 ��2�� Here�察 �to return to my purpose�察 �I will only
endeavor to set forth what seems necessary for enabling us to attain to
knowledge of eternal things�察�and to define them under the conditions laid
down above。
��104�А 。�1�� With this end�察�we must bear in mind what has already been
33
´ Page 34´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
stated�察�namely�察�that when the mind devotes itself to any thought�察�so as to
examine it�察 �and to deduce therefrom in due order all the legitimate
conclusions possible�察�any falsehood which may lurk in the thought will be
detected�察�but if the thought be true�察�the mind will readily proceed without
interruption to deduce truths from it。 ��104��2�� This�察�I say�察�is necessary for
our purpose�察�for our thoughts may be brought to a close by the absence of
a foundation。
��105�А 。�1�� If�察�therefore�察�we wish to investigate the first thing of all�察�it
will be necessary to supply some foundation which may direct our
thoughts thither。 ��2�� Further�察 �since method is reflective knowledge�察 �the
foundation which must direct our thoughts can be nothing else than the
knowledge of that which constitutes the reality of truth�察�and the knowledge
of the understanding�察�its properties�察�and powers。 ��3�� When this has been
acquired we shall possess a foundation wherefrom we can deduce our
thoughts�察�and a path whereby the intellect�察�according to its capacity�察�may
attain the knowledge of eternal things�察 �allowance being made for the
extent of the intellectual powers。
��106�А 。�1�� If�察 �as I stated in the first part�察�it belongs to the nature of
thought to form true ideas�察 �we must here inquire what is meant by the
faculties and power of the understanding。 ��2�� The chief part of our
method is to understand as well as possible the powers of the intellect�察�and
its nature�察�we are�察�therefore�察�compelled ��by the considerations advanced in
the second part of the method�� necessarily to draw these conclusions from
the definition itself of thought and understanding。
��107�А 。�1�� But�察 �so far as we have not got any rules for finding
definitions�察 �and�察 �as we cannot set forth such rules without a previous
knowledge of nature�察�that is without a definition of the understanding and
its power�察�it follows either that the definition of the understanding must be
clear in itself�察�or that we can understand nothing。 ��2�� Nevertheless this
definition is not absolutely clear in itself�察 �however�察 �since its properties�察�
like all things that we possess through the understanding�察�cannot be known
clearly and distinctly�察 �unless its nature be known previously�察�
understanding makes itself manifest�察�if we pay attention to its properties�察�
which we know clearly and distinctly。 ��3�� Let us�察�then�察�enumerate here
34
´ Page 35´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
the properties of the understanding�察 �let us examine them�察 �and begin by
discussing the instruments for research which we find innate in us。 See
��31�А�
��108�А 。�1�� The properties of the understanding which I have chiefly
remarked�察 �and which I clearly understand�察 �are the following�此� I。 ��2�� It
involves certainty ´ in other words�察 �it knows that a thing exists in
reality as it is reflected subjectively。 II。 ��108��3�� That it perceives certain
things�察�or forms some ideas absolutely�察�some ideas from others。 ��4��
Thus it forms the idea of quantity absolutely�察�without reference to any
other thoughts�察 �but ideas of motion it only forms after taking into
consideration the idea of quantity。 III。 ��108��5�� Those ideas which the
understanding forms absolutely express infinity�察�determinate ideas are
derived from other ideas。 ��6�� Thus in the idea of quantity�察�perceived
by means of a cause�察 �the quantity is determined�察 �as when a body is
perceived to be formed by the motion of a plane�察 �a plane by the
motion of a line�察�or�察�again�察�a line by the motion of a point。 ��7�� All
these are perceptions which do not serve towards understanding
quantity�察�but only towards determining it。 ��108��8�� This is proved by
the fact that we conceive them as formed as it were by motion�察�yet this
motion is not perceived unless the quantity be perceived also�察�we can
even prolong the motion to form an infinite line�察�which we certainly
could not do unless we had an idea of infinite quantity。 IV。 ��9�� The
understanding forms positive ideas before forming neg
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��