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on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及11何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



understanding forms positive ideas before forming                        negative ideas。 V。 

��108��10��      It  perceives     things   not   so   much     under    the   condition         of 

duration as under a certain form of eternity�察�and in an                     infinite number�察�

or rather in perceiving things it does not                  consider either their number 

or    duration�察   �whereas�察    �in   imagining          them�察    �it  perceives     them    in  a 

determinate   number�察  �duration�察  �and              quantity。   VI。   ��108��11��   The   ideas 

which   we   form   as   clear   and   distinct�察  �seem          to   follow   from   the   sole 

necessity of our nature�察�that they                appear to depend absolutely on our 

sole power�察�with confused                ideas the contrary is the case。            ��12�� They 

are    often    formed         against      our   will。   VII。   ��108��13��     The    mind    can 

determine   in   many   ways   the   ideas   of   things�察  �which   the   understanding 

forms from other ideas�此�thus�察�for instance�察�in order to define the plane of 



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an ellipse�察�it supposes a point adhering to a cord to be moved around two 

centers�察  �or�察  �again�察  �it   conceives   an   infinity  of   points�察  �always   in   the   same 

fixed relation to a given straight line�察�angle of the vertex of the cone�察�or in 

an infinity of other ways。 VIII。 ��108��14�� The more ideas express perfection 

of any object�察�the more perfect are they themselves�察�for we do not admire 

the architect who has planned a chapel so much as the architect who has 

planned a splendid temple。 

     ��109�А  。�1��   I   do   not   stop   to   consider   the   rest   of   what   is   referred   to 

thought�察    �such    as  love�察  �joy�察  �&c。    ��2��   They   are    nothing    to  our   present 

purpose�察     �and   cannot     even    be   conceived      unless    the  understanding        be 

perceived previously。 ��3�� When perception is removed�察�all these go with it。 

     ��110�А。�1�� False and fictitious ideas have nothing positive about them 

��as we have abundantly shown���察�which causes them to be called false or 

fictitious�察  �they  are   only  considered   as   such   through   the   defectiveness   of 

knowledge。        ��2�� Therefore�察�false and fictitious ideas as such can teach us 

nothing concerning the essence of thought�察�this must be sought from the 

positive   properties   just   enumerated�察  �in   other   words�察  �we   must   lay   down 

some   common   basis   from   which   these   properties   necessarily   follow�察  �so 

that when this is given�察�the properties are necessarily given also�察�and when 

it is removed�察�they too vanish with it。 

     The rest of the treatise is wanting。 

      

Spinoza's Endnotes�此�Marks as per Curley�察�see Note 5 above。 ��a�А。�1�� This 

might     be   explained     more     at  large   and   more     clearly�此        �I   mean     by 

distinguishing   riches   according   as   they   are   pursued   for               their   own 

sake�察    �in  or   furtherance      of   fame�察   �or   sensual     pleasure�察           �or    the 

advancement of science and art。 ��2�� But this subject is                        reserved to its 

own   place�察  �for   it   is   not   here   proper   to     investigate   the   matter   more 

accurately。 ��b�А�These considerations should be set forth more precisely。 ��c�А�

These   matters   are   explained   more   at   length   elsewhere。   ��d�А  �N。B。   I   do   no 

more here than enumerate the sciences necessary                          for our purpose�察�I 

lay no stress on their order。 ��e�А�There is for the sciences but one end�察�to 

which   they   should            all   be   directed。   ��f�А  。�1��   In   this   case   we   do   not 

understand anything of the cause                    from the consideration of it in the 



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effect。    ��2�� This is         sufficiently evident from the fact that the cause is 

only         spoken   of   in   very   general   terms�察  �such   as   ´   there   exists   then 

something�察�there  exists   then   some   power�察 �&c。�察  �or  from  the              that   we 

only express it in a negative manner ´ it is not                    or that�察�&c。      ��3�� In 

the   second   case   something   is   ascribed          to   the   cause   because   of   the 

effect�察�as we shall show in an               example�察�but only a property�察�never an 

essence。 ��g�А。�1�� From this example may be clearly seen what I have just 

drawn      attention     to。    ��2��    For    through     this   union    we    understand 

nothing     beyond     the  sensation�察   �the  effect�察  �to  wit�察 �from   which          we 

inferred the cause of which we understand nothing。 ��h�А。�1�� A conclusion of 

this sort�察�though it be certain�察�is yet             not to be relied on without great 

caution�察�for unless we are              exceedingly careful we shall forthwith fall 

into error。         ��2�� When things are conceived thus abstractedly�察�and not 

through      their   true   essence�察    �they    are   apt   to   be   confused      by   the 

imagination。       ��3�� For that which is in itself one�察�men imagine                    to be 

multiplex。      ��4��   To   those   things   which   are   conceived          abstractedly�察�

apart�察  �and   confusedly�察  �terms   are   applied   which   are          apt   to   become 

wrested     from   their   strict  meaning�察    �and   bestowed     on        things    more 

familiar�察�whence it results that these latter are                 imagined in the same 

way   as   the   former   to   which   the   terms   were        originally   given。   ��i�А  �I 

shall    here   treat  a  little  more    in  detail   of  experience�察          �and    shall 

examine       the  method      adopted    by   the   Empirics�察           �and    by   recent 

philosophers。 ��k�А�By native strength�察�I   mean that not bestowed on us by 

external          causes�察  �as   I   shall   afterwards   explain   in   my   philosophy。   ��l�А�

Here     I  term   them   operations�此    �I  shall  explain    their  nature         in   my 

philosophy。 ��m�А�I shall take care not only to demonstrate what I have just 

advanced�察�but also that we have hitherto proceeded rightly�察                     �and other 

things needful to be known。 ��33note1�А。�1�� In modern language�察 �the idea 

may   become   the           subject   of   another   presentation。;      ��2��   Objectivus 

generally          corresponds   to   the   modern   ;subjective�察─  �formalis   to   the 

modern ;objective。; ��Trans。´ Note 1�А。�n�А。�1�� Observe that we are not here 

inquiring how the first              subjective essence is innate in us。           ��2�� This 

belongs to   an          investigation into   nature�察�where  all   these  matters   are 

amply             explained�察     �and    it  is  shown     that  without     ideas   neither 



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affirmation�察  �nor   negation�察  �nor   volition        are   possible。   ��o�А  �The   nature   of 

mental   search   is   explained   in   my   philosophy。   ��p�А  �To   be   connected   with 

other things is to be produced by them�察                  �or to produce them。 ��q�А�In the 

same way as we have here no doubt of the truth of                        our knowledge。 ��r�А�

See      below     the    note    on     hypotheses�察     �whereof       we    have     a   clear 

understanding�察  �the   fiction   consists   in   saying   that   such             hypotheses 

exist in heavenly  bodies。 ��s�А。�1�� As a   thing�察�when once   it is   understood�察�

manifests   itself�察         �we   have   need   only   of   an   example   without   further 

proof。          ��2�� In the same way the contrary has only to be presented to 

our minds to be recognized as false�察�as will forthwith appear                             when 

we come to discuss fiction concerning essences。 ��t�А�Observe�察�that although 

many   assert   that   they   doubt   whether   God             exists�察  �they   have   nought 

but his name in their minds�察�or else                 some fiction which they call God�此�

this fiction is not in            harmony with God's real nature�察�as we will duly 

show。   ��u�А  。�1��   I   shall   presently   show   that   no   fiction   can   concern   eternal 

truths。   By   an   eternal   truth�察  �I   mean   that   which   being   positive        could 

never   become   negative。         ��2�� Thus   it   is   a   primary   and       eternal   truth 

that God exists�察�but it is not an eternal truth                   that Adam thinks。          ��3�� 

That the Chimaera does not exist is an                     eternal truth�察�that Adam does 

not think is not so。 ��x�А。�1�� Afterwards�察�when we come to speak of fiction 

that is         concerned with essences�察�it will be evident that fiction never 

creates or furnishes the mind with anything new�察�only such things                             as 

are already in the brain or imagination are recalled to the                          memory�察�

when   the   attention   is   directed   to   them   confusedly   and   all           at   once。 

��2��   For   instance�察  �we   have   remembrance   of   spoken   words                and   of   a 

tree�察  �when   the   mind   directs   itself   to   them   confusedly�察          �it   forms   the 

notion of a tree speaking。           ��3�� The same may be said                   of existence�察�

especially when it is conceived quite generally as                      an entity�察�it is then 

readily   applied   to   all   things   together   in         the   memory。       ��4��   This   is 

specially worthy of remark。 ��y�А�We mu
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