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on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及11何蛍
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understanding forms positive ideas before forming negative ideas。 V。
��108��10�� It perceives things not so much under the condition of
duration as under a certain form of eternity�察�and in an infinite number�察�
or rather in perceiving things it does not consider either their number
or duration�察 �whereas�察 �in imagining them�察 �it perceives them in a
determinate number�察 �duration�察 �and quantity。 VI。 ��108��11�� The ideas
which we form as clear and distinct�察 �seem to follow from the sole
necessity of our nature�察�that they appear to depend absolutely on our
sole power�察�with confused ideas the contrary is the case。 ��12�� They
are often formed against our will。 VII。 ��108��13�� The mind can
determine in many ways the ideas of things�察 �which the understanding
forms from other ideas�此�thus�察�for instance�察�in order to define the plane of
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On the Improvement of the Understanding
an ellipse�察�it supposes a point adhering to a cord to be moved around two
centers�察 �or�察 �again�察 �it conceives an infinity of points�察 �always in the same
fixed relation to a given straight line�察�angle of the vertex of the cone�察�or in
an infinity of other ways。 VIII。 ��108��14�� The more ideas express perfection
of any object�察�the more perfect are they themselves�察�for we do not admire
the architect who has planned a chapel so much as the architect who has
planned a splendid temple。
��109�А 。�1�� I do not stop to consider the rest of what is referred to
thought�察 �such as love�察 �joy�察 �&c。 ��2�� They are nothing to our present
purpose�察 �and cannot even be conceived unless the understanding be
perceived previously。 ��3�� When perception is removed�察�all these go with it。
��110�А。�1�� False and fictitious ideas have nothing positive about them
��as we have abundantly shown���察�which causes them to be called false or
fictitious�察 �they are only considered as such through the defectiveness of
knowledge。 ��2�� Therefore�察�false and fictitious ideas as such can teach us
nothing concerning the essence of thought�察�this must be sought from the
positive properties just enumerated�察 �in other words�察 �we must lay down
some common basis from which these properties necessarily follow�察 �so
that when this is given�察�the properties are necessarily given also�察�and when
it is removed�察�they too vanish with it。
The rest of the treatise is wanting。
Spinoza's Endnotes�此�Marks as per Curley�察�see Note 5 above。 ��a�А。�1�� This
might be explained more at large and more clearly�此 �I mean by
distinguishing riches according as they are pursued for their own
sake�察 �in or furtherance of fame�察 �or sensual pleasure�察 �or the
advancement of science and art。 ��2�� But this subject is reserved to its
own place�察 �for it is not here proper to investigate the matter more
accurately。 ��b�А�These considerations should be set forth more precisely。 ��c�А�
These matters are explained more at length elsewhere。 ��d�А �N。B。 I do no
more here than enumerate the sciences necessary for our purpose�察�I
lay no stress on their order。 ��e�А�There is for the sciences but one end�察�to
which they should all be directed。 ��f�А 。�1�� In this case we do not
understand anything of the cause from the consideration of it in the
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On the Improvement of the Understanding
effect。 ��2�� This is sufficiently evident from the fact that the cause is
only spoken of in very general terms�察 �such as ´ there exists then
something�察�there exists then some power�察 �&c。�察 �or from the that we
only express it in a negative manner ´ it is not or that�察�&c。 ��3�� In
the second case something is ascribed to the cause because of the
effect�察�as we shall show in an example�察�but only a property�察�never an
essence。 ��g�А。�1�� From this example may be clearly seen what I have just
drawn attention to。 ��2�� For through this union we understand
nothing beyond the sensation�察 �the effect�察 �to wit�察 �from which we
inferred the cause of which we understand nothing。 ��h�А。�1�� A conclusion of
this sort�察�though it be certain�察�is yet not to be relied on without great
caution�察�for unless we are exceedingly careful we shall forthwith fall
into error。 ��2�� When things are conceived thus abstractedly�察�and not
through their true essence�察 �they are apt to be confused by the
imagination。 ��3�� For that which is in itself one�察�men imagine to be
multiplex。 ��4�� To those things which are conceived abstractedly�察�
apart�察 �and confusedly�察 �terms are applied which are apt to become
wrested from their strict meaning�察 �and bestowed on things more
familiar�察�whence it results that these latter are imagined in the same
way as the former to which the terms were originally given。 ��i�А �I
shall here treat a little more in detail of experience�察 �and shall
examine the method adopted by the Empirics�察 �and by recent
philosophers。 ��k�А�By native strength�察�I mean that not bestowed on us by
external causes�察 �as I shall afterwards explain in my philosophy。 ��l�А�
Here I term them operations�此 �I shall explain their nature in my
philosophy。 ��m�А�I shall take care not only to demonstrate what I have just
advanced�察�but also that we have hitherto proceeded rightly�察 �and other
things needful to be known。 ��33note1�А。�1�� In modern language�察 �the idea
may become the subject of another presentation。; ��2�� Objectivus
generally corresponds to the modern ;subjective�察─ �formalis to the
modern ;objective。; ��Trans。´ Note 1�А。�n�А。�1�� Observe that we are not here
inquiring how the first subjective essence is innate in us。 ��2�� This
belongs to an investigation into nature�察�where all these matters are
amply explained�察 �and it is shown that without ideas neither
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On the Improvement of the Understanding
affirmation�察 �nor negation�察 �nor volition are possible。 ��o�А �The nature of
mental search is explained in my philosophy。 ��p�А �To be connected with
other things is to be produced by them�察 �or to produce them。 ��q�А�In the
same way as we have here no doubt of the truth of our knowledge。 ��r�А�
See below the note on hypotheses�察 �whereof we have a clear
understanding�察 �the fiction consists in saying that such hypotheses
exist in heavenly bodies。 ��s�А。�1�� As a thing�察�when once it is understood�察�
manifests itself�察 �we have need only of an example without further
proof。 ��2�� In the same way the contrary has only to be presented to
our minds to be recognized as false�察�as will forthwith appear when
we come to discuss fiction concerning essences。 ��t�А�Observe�察�that although
many assert that they doubt whether God exists�察 �they have nought
but his name in their minds�察�or else some fiction which they call God�此�
this fiction is not in harmony with God's real nature�察�as we will duly
show。 ��u�А 。�1�� I shall presently show that no fiction can concern eternal
truths。 By an eternal truth�察 �I mean that which being positive could
never become negative。 ��2�� Thus it is a primary and eternal truth
that God exists�察�but it is not an eternal truth that Adam thinks。 ��3��
That the Chimaera does not exist is an eternal truth�察�that Adam does
not think is not so。 ��x�А。�1�� Afterwards�察�when we come to speak of fiction
that is concerned with essences�察�it will be evident that fiction never
creates or furnishes the mind with anything new�察�only such things as
are already in the brain or imagination are recalled to the memory�察�
when the attention is directed to them confusedly and all at once。
��2�� For instance�察 �we have remembrance of spoken words and of a
tree�察 �when the mind directs itself to them confusedly�察 �it forms the
notion of a tree speaking。 ��3�� The same may be said of existence�察�
especially when it is conceived quite generally as an entity�察�it is then
readily applied to all things together in the memory。 ��4�� This is
specially worthy of remark。 ��y�А�We mu
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