嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


standard of the given true idea。                    ��38��3�� Again�察�seeing that the ratio 

existing     between      two   ideas   the   same    as   the  ratio   between      the  actual 

realities    corresponding        to  those    ideas�察   �it  follows     that   the   reflective 

knowledge        which     has   for   its  object   the   most    perfect    being    is  more 

excellent   than   reflective   knowledge   concerning   other   objects   ´   in   other 

words�察�that method will be most perfect which affords the standard of the 

given idea of the most perfect being whereby we may direct our mind。 

     ��39�А  。�1��  We   thus   easily   understand   how�察  �in   proportion   as   it   acquires 

new      ideas�察  �the   mind     simultaneously        acquires     fresh    instruments      for 

pursuing its inquiries further。 ��2�� For we may gather from what has been 

said�察�that a true idea must necessarily first of all exist in us as a natural 

instrument�察�and that when this idea is apprehended by the mind�察�it enables 

us    to  understand      the   difference     existing    between     itself   and   all  other 

perceptions。       ��3��   In   this�察  �one   part   of   the   method   consists。         ��39��4�� 

Now it is clear that the mind   apprehends itself better in proportion  as it 

understands a greater number of natural objects�察�it follows�察�therefore�察�that 

this portion of the method will be more perfect in proportion as the mind 

attains   to   the   comprehension   of   a   greater   number   of   objects�察  �and   that   it 

will    be   absolutely     perfect    when    the   mind    gains    a  knowledge       of   the 

absolutely perfect being�察�or becomes conscious thereof。 

     ��40�А    。�1�� Again�察  �the   more   things   the   mind   knows�察  �the  better  does   it 

understand   its   own   strength   and   the   order   of   nature�察  �by   increased   self´ 

knowledge�察�it can direct itself more easily�察�and lay down rules for its own 

guidance�察�and�察�by increased knowledge of nature�察�it can more easily avoid 

what   is   useless。    ��2��   And   this   is   the   sum   total   of   method�察  �as   we   have 



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already stated。 

     ��41�А    。�1�� We may add that the idea in the world of thought is in the 

same case as its correlate in the world of reality。                ��2�� If�察�therefore�察�there 

be anything in nature   which is without   connection   with any  other   thing�察�

and   if   we   assign   to   it   a   subjective   essence�察  �which   would   in   every   way 

correspond to the objective reality�察�the subjective essence would have no 

connection�察。�p�А�with any other ideas ´ in other words�察�we could not draw 

any conclusions with regard to it。            ��41��3�� On the other hand�察�those things 

which are connected with others ´ as all things that exist in nature ´ will be 

understood   by   the   mind�察  �and   their   subjective   essences   will   maintain   the 

same mutual relations as their objective realities ´               that is to say�察�we shall 

infer from  these  ideas   other  ideas�察 �which will   in   turn   be   connected   with 

others�察�and thus our instruments for proceeding with our investigation will 

increase。     ��4�� This is what we were endeavoring to prove。 

     ��42�А    。�1�� Further�察�from what has just been said ´ namely�察�that an idea 

must�察�in all respects�察�correspond to its correlate in the world of reality�察 � it 

is evident that�察�in order to reproduce in every respect the faithful image of 

nature�察�our mind must deduce all its ideas from the idea which represents 

the origin and source of the whole of nature�察�so that it may itself become 

the source of other ideas。 

     ��43�А    。�1�� It may�察�perhaps�察�provoke astonishment that�察�after having said 

that the good method is that which teaches us to direct our mind according 

to   the   standard   of   the   given   true   idea�察  �we   should   prove   our   point   by 

reasoning�察�which would seem to indicate that it is not self´evident。                       ��2�� 

We may�察�therefore�察�be questioned as to the validity of our reasoning。                      ��3�� 

If our reasoning be sound�察�we must take as a starting´point a true idea。                    ��4�� 

Now�察  �to   be   certain   that   our   starting´point   is   really   a   true   idea�察  �we   need 

proof。     ��5�� This first course of reasoning must be supported by a second�察�

the second by a third�察�and so on to infinity。 

     ��44�А    。�1�� To this I make answer that�察�if by some happy chance anyone 

had adopted this method in his investigations of nature ´ that is�察�if he had 

acquired new   ideas   in the proper order�察�according to the standard   of   the 

original   true   idea�察  �he   would   never   have   doubted   ��q�А  �of   the   truth   of   his 

knowledge�察�inasmuch as truth�察�as we have shown�察�makes itself manifest�察�



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and all things would flow�察�as it were�察�spontaneously towards him。                     ��44��2�� 

But as this never�察�or rarely�察�happens�察�I have been forced so to arrange my 

proceedings�察�that we may acquire by reflection and forethought what we 

cannot acquire by chance�察�and that it may at the same time appear that�察�for 

proving the truth�察�and for valid reasoning�察�we need no other means than 

the   truth   and   valid   reasoning   themselves�此  �for   by   valid   reasoning   I   have 

established valid reasoning�察�and�察�in like measure�察�I seek still to establish it。 

     ��45�А   。�1��   Moreover�察  �this is   the   order   of   thinking   adopted by   men   in 

their   inward   meditations。       ��2��   The   reasons   for   its   rare   employment   in 

investigations      of   nature    are   to  be   found    in   current    misconceptions�察�

whereof   we   shall   examine   the   causes   hereafter   in   our   philosophy。   ��3�� 

Moreover�察�it demands�察�as we shall show�察�a keen and accurate discernment。 

��4�� Lastly�察�it is hindered by the conditions of human life�察�which are�察�as we 

have already pointed out�察�extremely changeable。 ��5�� There are also other 

obstacles�察�which we will not here inquire into。 

        ��46�А   。�1��   If   anyone   asks   why   I   have   not   at   the   starting´point   set 

forth all the truths of nature in their due order�察�inasmuch as truth is self´ 

evident�察  �I   reply   by   warning   him   not   to   reject   as   false   any   paradoxes   he 

may find here�察�but to take the trouble to reflect on the chain of reasoning 

by which they are supported�察�he will then be no longer in doubt that we 

have attained to the truth。 ��2�� This is why I have as above。 

     ��47�А。�1�� If there yet remains some sceptic�察�who doubts of our primary 

truth�察�and of all deductions we make�察�taking such truth as our standard�察�he 

must either be arguing in bad faith�察�or we must confess that there are men 

in complete mental blindness either innate or due to misconceptions ´ that 

is�察  �to   some   external   influence。    ��2��   Such   persons   are   not   conscious   of 

themselves。 ��3�� If they affirm or doubt anything�察�they know not that they 

affirm or doubt�此�they say that they know nothing�察�and they say that they 

are ignorant of the very fact of their knowing nothing。 ��4�� Even this they 

do not affirm absolutely�察�they are afraid of confessing that they exist�察�so 

long as they know nothing�察�in fact�察�they ought to remain dumb�察�for fear of 

haply supposing which should smack of truth。 

     ��48�А   。�1�� Lastly�察�with such persons�察�one should not speak of sciences�此�

for�察�in what relates to life and conduct�察�they are compelled by necessity to 



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suppose   that   they   exist�察  �and   seek   their   own   advantage�察  �and   often   affirm 

and   deny�察  �even   with   an   oath。    ��2��   If   they   deny�察  �grant�察  �or   gainsay�察  �they 

know      not  that   they   deny�察  �grant�察  �or   gainsay�察  �so   that  they   ought    to  be 

regarded as automata�察�utterly devoid of intelligence。 

     ��49�А。�1�� Let us now return to our proposition。                 ��2�� Up to the present�察�

we have�察�first�察�defined the end to which we desire to direct all our thoughts�察�

secondly�察�we have determined the mode of perception best adapted to aid 

us in attaining our perfection�察�thirdly�察�we have discovered the way which 

our mind should take�察�in order to make a good beginning ´ namely�察�that it 

should use every true idea as a standard in pursuing its inquiries according 

to fixed rules。      ��49��3�� Now�察�in order that it may thus proceed�察�our method 

must furnish us�察�first�察�with a means of distinguishing a true idea from all 

other perceptions�察�and enabling the mind to avoid the latter�察�secondly�察�with 

rules for perceiving unknown things according to the standard of the true 

idea�察�thirdly�察�with an order which enables us to avoid useless labor。 ��49��4�� 

When we   became   acquainted   with this method�察  �we   saw   that�察  �fourthly�察  �it 

would      be   perfect   when   we   had    attained   to   the   idea   of   the   absolutely 

perfect   Being。      ��5�� This   is   an   observation   which   should be   made   at   the 

outset�察�in order that we may arrive at the knowledge of such a being more 

quickly。 

     ��50�А。�1�� Let us then make a beginning with the first part of the method�察�

which is�察�as we have said�察�to distinguish and separate the true idea from 

other   perceptions�察  �and   to   keep   the   mind   from   confusing   with   true   ideas 

those  which   are  false�察  �fictitious�察 �and doubtful。         ��2��  I   intend   to   dwell   on 

this point at length�察�partly to keep a distinction so necessary               
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��