嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及4何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
standard of the given true idea。 ��38��3�� Again�察�seeing that the ratio
existing between two ideas the same as the ratio between the actual
realities corresponding to those ideas�察 �it follows that the reflective
knowledge which has for its object the most perfect being is more
excellent than reflective knowledge concerning other objects ´ in other
words�察�that method will be most perfect which affords the standard of the
given idea of the most perfect being whereby we may direct our mind。
��39�А 。�1�� We thus easily understand how�察 �in proportion as it acquires
new ideas�察 �the mind simultaneously acquires fresh instruments for
pursuing its inquiries further。 ��2�� For we may gather from what has been
said�察�that a true idea must necessarily first of all exist in us as a natural
instrument�察�and that when this idea is apprehended by the mind�察�it enables
us to understand the difference existing between itself and all other
perceptions。 ��3�� In this�察 �one part of the method consists。 ��39��4��
Now it is clear that the mind apprehends itself better in proportion as it
understands a greater number of natural objects�察�it follows�察�therefore�察�that
this portion of the method will be more perfect in proportion as the mind
attains to the comprehension of a greater number of objects�察 �and that it
will be absolutely perfect when the mind gains a knowledge of the
absolutely perfect being�察�or becomes conscious thereof。
��40�А 。�1�� Again�察 �the more things the mind knows�察 �the better does it
understand its own strength and the order of nature�察 �by increased self´
knowledge�察�it can direct itself more easily�察�and lay down rules for its own
guidance�察�and�察�by increased knowledge of nature�察�it can more easily avoid
what is useless。 ��2�� And this is the sum total of method�察 �as we have
12
´ Page 13´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
already stated。
��41�А 。�1�� We may add that the idea in the world of thought is in the
same case as its correlate in the world of reality。 ��2�� If�察�therefore�察�there
be anything in nature which is without connection with any other thing�察�
and if we assign to it a subjective essence�察 �which would in every way
correspond to the objective reality�察�the subjective essence would have no
connection�察。�p�А�with any other ideas ´ in other words�察�we could not draw
any conclusions with regard to it。 ��41��3�� On the other hand�察�those things
which are connected with others ´ as all things that exist in nature ´ will be
understood by the mind�察 �and their subjective essences will maintain the
same mutual relations as their objective realities ´ that is to say�察�we shall
infer from these ideas other ideas�察 �which will in turn be connected with
others�察�and thus our instruments for proceeding with our investigation will
increase。 ��4�� This is what we were endeavoring to prove。
��42�А 。�1�� Further�察�from what has just been said ´ namely�察�that an idea
must�察�in all respects�察�correspond to its correlate in the world of reality�察 � it
is evident that�察�in order to reproduce in every respect the faithful image of
nature�察�our mind must deduce all its ideas from the idea which represents
the origin and source of the whole of nature�察�so that it may itself become
the source of other ideas。
��43�А 。�1�� It may�察�perhaps�察�provoke astonishment that�察�after having said
that the good method is that which teaches us to direct our mind according
to the standard of the given true idea�察 �we should prove our point by
reasoning�察�which would seem to indicate that it is not self´evident。 ��2��
We may�察�therefore�察�be questioned as to the validity of our reasoning。 ��3��
If our reasoning be sound�察�we must take as a starting´point a true idea。 ��4��
Now�察 �to be certain that our starting´point is really a true idea�察 �we need
proof。 ��5�� This first course of reasoning must be supported by a second�察�
the second by a third�察�and so on to infinity。
��44�А 。�1�� To this I make answer that�察�if by some happy chance anyone
had adopted this method in his investigations of nature ´ that is�察�if he had
acquired new ideas in the proper order�察�according to the standard of the
original true idea�察 �he would never have doubted ��q�А �of the truth of his
knowledge�察�inasmuch as truth�察�as we have shown�察�makes itself manifest�察�
13
´ Page 14´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
and all things would flow�察�as it were�察�spontaneously towards him。 ��44��2��
But as this never�察�or rarely�察�happens�察�I have been forced so to arrange my
proceedings�察�that we may acquire by reflection and forethought what we
cannot acquire by chance�察�and that it may at the same time appear that�察�for
proving the truth�察�and for valid reasoning�察�we need no other means than
the truth and valid reasoning themselves�此 �for by valid reasoning I have
established valid reasoning�察�and�察�in like measure�察�I seek still to establish it。
��45�А 。�1�� Moreover�察 �this is the order of thinking adopted by men in
their inward meditations。 ��2�� The reasons for its rare employment in
investigations of nature are to be found in current misconceptions�察�
whereof we shall examine the causes hereafter in our philosophy。 ��3��
Moreover�察�it demands�察�as we shall show�察�a keen and accurate discernment。
��4�� Lastly�察�it is hindered by the conditions of human life�察�which are�察�as we
have already pointed out�察�extremely changeable。 ��5�� There are also other
obstacles�察�which we will not here inquire into。
��46�А 。�1�� If anyone asks why I have not at the starting´point set
forth all the truths of nature in their due order�察�inasmuch as truth is self´
evident�察 �I reply by warning him not to reject as false any paradoxes he
may find here�察�but to take the trouble to reflect on the chain of reasoning
by which they are supported�察�he will then be no longer in doubt that we
have attained to the truth。 ��2�� This is why I have as above。
��47�А。�1�� If there yet remains some sceptic�察�who doubts of our primary
truth�察�and of all deductions we make�察�taking such truth as our standard�察�he
must either be arguing in bad faith�察�or we must confess that there are men
in complete mental blindness either innate or due to misconceptions ´ that
is�察 �to some external influence。 ��2�� Such persons are not conscious of
themselves。 ��3�� If they affirm or doubt anything�察�they know not that they
affirm or doubt�此�they say that they know nothing�察�and they say that they
are ignorant of the very fact of their knowing nothing。 ��4�� Even this they
do not affirm absolutely�察�they are afraid of confessing that they exist�察�so
long as they know nothing�察�in fact�察�they ought to remain dumb�察�for fear of
haply supposing which should smack of truth。
��48�А 。�1�� Lastly�察�with such persons�察�one should not speak of sciences�此�
for�察�in what relates to life and conduct�察�they are compelled by necessity to
14
´ Page 15´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
suppose that they exist�察 �and seek their own advantage�察 �and often affirm
and deny�察 �even with an oath。 ��2�� If they deny�察 �grant�察 �or gainsay�察 �they
know not that they deny�察 �grant�察 �or gainsay�察 �so that they ought to be
regarded as automata�察�utterly devoid of intelligence。
��49�А。�1�� Let us now return to our proposition。 ��2�� Up to the present�察�
we have�察�first�察�defined the end to which we desire to direct all our thoughts�察�
secondly�察�we have determined the mode of perception best adapted to aid
us in attaining our perfection�察�thirdly�察�we have discovered the way which
our mind should take�察�in order to make a good beginning ´ namely�察�that it
should use every true idea as a standard in pursuing its inquiries according
to fixed rules。 ��49��3�� Now�察�in order that it may thus proceed�察�our method
must furnish us�察�first�察�with a means of distinguishing a true idea from all
other perceptions�察�and enabling the mind to avoid the latter�察�secondly�察�with
rules for perceiving unknown things according to the standard of the true
idea�察�thirdly�察�with an order which enables us to avoid useless labor。 ��49��4��
When we became acquainted with this method�察 �we saw that�察 �fourthly�察 �it
would be perfect when we had attained to the idea of the absolutely
perfect Being。 ��5�� This is an observation which should be made at the
outset�察�in order that we may arrive at the knowledge of such a being more
quickly。
��50�А。�1�� Let us then make a beginning with the first part of the method�察�
which is�察�as we have said�察�to distinguish and separate the true idea from
other perceptions�察 �and to keep the mind from confusing with true ideas
those which are false�察 �fictitious�察 �and doubtful。 ��2�� I intend to dwell on
this point at length�察�partly to keep a distinction so necessary
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��