嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及3何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
��26�А。�1�� We shall then be in a position to see which mode of perception
we ought to choose。 ��2�� As to the first mode�察 �it is evident that from
hearsay our knowledge must always be uncertain�察�and�察�moreover�察�can give
us no insight into the essence of a thing�察�as is manifest in our illustration�察�
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now one can only arrive at knowledge of a thing through knowledge of its
essence�察�as will hereafter appear。 ��3�� We may�察�therefore clearly conclude
that the certainty arising from hearsay cannot be scientific in its character。
��4�� For simple hearsay cannot affect anyone whose understanding does not�察�
so to speak�察�meet it half way。
��27�А 。�1�� The second mode of perception ��i�А�cannot be said to give us
the idea of the proportion of which we are in search。 ��2�� Moreover its
results are very uncertain and indefinite�察 �for we shall never discover
anything in natural phenomena by its means�察�except accidental properties�察�
which are never clearly understood�察 �unless the essence of the things in
question be known first。 ��3�� Wherefore this mode also must be rejected。
��28�А。�1�� Of the third mode of perception we may say in a manner that
it gives us the idea of the thing sought�察�and that it us to draw conclusions
without risk of error�察�yet it is not by itself sufficient to put us in possession
of the perfection we aim at。
��29�А。�1�� The fourth mode alone apprehends the adequate essence of a
thing without danger of error。 ��2�� This mode�察�therefore�察�must be the one
which we chiefly employ。 ��3�� How�察�then�察�should we avail ourselves of it
so as to gain the fourth kind of knowledge with the least delay concerning
things previously unknown�拭 。�4�� I will proceed to explain。
��30�А。�1�� Now that we know what kind of knowledge is necessary for us�察�
we must indicate the way and the method whereby we may gain the said
knowledge concerning the things needful to be known。 ��2�� In order to
accomplish this�察 �we must first take care not to commit ourselves to a
search�察�going back to infinity ´ that is�察�in order to discover the best method
of finding truth�察 �there is no need of another method to discover such
method�察 �nor of a third method for discovering the second�察 �and so on to
infinity。 ��3�� By such proceedings�察 �we should never arrive at the
knowledge of the truth�察�or�察�indeed�察�at any knowledge at all。 ��30��4�� The
matter stands on the same footing as the making of material tools�察�which
might be argued about in a similar way。 ��5�� For�察�in order to work iron�察�a
hammer is needed�察�and the hammer cannot be forthcoming unless it has
been made�察�but�察�in order to make it�察�there was need of another hammer and
other tools�察 �and so on to infinity。 ��6�� We might thus vainly endeavor to
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prove that men have no power of working iron。
��31�А 。�1�� But as men at first made use of the instruments supplied by
nature to accomplish very easy pieces of workmanship�察 �laboriously and
imperfectly�察 �and then�察 �when these were finished�察 �wrought other things
more difficult with less labour and greater perfection�察 �and so gradually
mounted from the simplest operations to the making of tools�察�and from the
making of tools to the making of more complex tools�察�and fresh feats of
workmanship�察�till they arrived at making�察�complicated mechanisms which
they now possess。 ��31��2�� So�察�in like manner�察�the intellect�察�by its native
strength�察。�k�В察�makes for itself intellectual instruments�察�whereby it acquires
strength for performing other intellectual operations�察 。�l�В察 �and from these
operations again fresh instruments�察 �or the power of pushing its
investigations further�察 �and thus gradually proceeds till it reaches the
summit of wisdom。
��32�А 。�1�� That this is the path pursued by the understanding may be
readily seen�察�when we understand the nature of the method for finding out
the truth�察�and of the natural instruments so necessary complex instruments�察�
and for the progress of investigation。 I thus proceed with my
demonstration。
��33�А 。�1�� A true idea�察。�m�В察。�for we possess a true idea�� is something
different from its correlate ��ideatum���察 �thus a circle is different from the
idea of a circle。 ��2�� The idea of a circle is not something having a
circumference and a center�察�as a circle has�察�nor is the idea of a body that
body itself。 ��3�� Now�察 �as it is something different from its correlate�察 �it is
capable of being understood through itself�察�in other words�察�the idea�察�in so
far as its actual essence ��essentia formalis�� is concerned�察 �may be the
subject of another subjective essence ��essentia objectiva��。 ��33note1�А。�4��
And�察 �again�察 �this second subjective essence will�察 �regarded in itself�察 �be
something real�察 �capable of being understood�察�and so on�察�indefinitely。
��34�А。�1�� For instance�察�the man Peter is something real�察�the true idea of
Peter is the reality of Peter represented subjectively�察 �and is in itself
something real�察�and quite distinct from the actual Peter。 ��2�� Now�察�as this
true idea of Peter is in itself something real�察 �and has its own individual
existence�察�it will also be capable of being understood ´ that is�察�of being the
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subject of another idea�察 �which will contain by representation ��objective��
all that the idea of Peter contains actually ��formaliter��。 ��3�� And�察 �again�察�
this idea of the idea of Peter has its own individuality�察�which may become
the subject of yet another idea�察�and so on�察�indefinitely。 ��4�� This everyone
may make trial of for himself�察�by reflecting that he knows what Peter is�察�
and also knows that he knows�察�and further knows that he knows that he
knows�察�&c。 ��34��5�� Hence it is plain that�察�in order to understand the actual
Peter�察�it is not necessary first to understand the idea of Peter�察�and still less
the idea of the idea of Peter。 ��6�� This is the same as saying that�察�in order
to know�察�there is no need to know that we know�察�much less to know that
we know that we know。 ��7�� This is no more necessary than to know the
nature of a circle before knowing the nature of a triangle。 ��n�А� ��8�� But�察�
with these ideas�察�the contrary is the case�此�for�察�in order to know that I know�察�
I must first know。
��35�А 。�1�� Hence it is clear that certainty is nothing else than the
subjective essence of a thing�此 �in other words�察 �the mode in which we
perceive an actual reality is certainty。 ��2�� Further�察�it is also evident that�察�
for the certitude of truth�察 �no further sign is necessary beyond the
possession of a true idea�此�for�察�as I have shown�察�it is not necessary to know
that we know that we know。 ��3�� Hence�察�again�察�it is clear that no one can
know the nature of the highest certainty�察�unless he possesses an adequate
idea�察�or the subjective essence of a thing�此 �certainty is identical with such
subjective essence。
��36�А 。�1�� Thus�察 �as the truth needs no sign ´ it being to possess the
subjective essence of things�察�or�察�in other words�察�the ideas of them�察�in order
that all doubts may be removed ´ it follows that the true method does not
consist in seeking for the signs of truth after the acquisition of the idea�察�but
that the true method teaches us the order in which we should seek for truth
itself�察 。�o�А �or the subjective essences of things�察 �or ideas�察 �for all these
expressions are synonymous。
��37�А。�1�� Again�察�method must necessarily be concerned with reasoning
or understanding ´ I mean�察�method is not identical with reasoning in the
search for causes�察�still less is it the comprehension of the causes of things�此�
it is the discernment of a true idea�察 �by distinguishing it from other
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perceptions�察�and by investigating its nature�察�in order that we may so train
our mind that it may�察 �by a given standard�察 �comprehend whatsoever is
intelligible�察�by laying down certain rules as aids�察�and by avoiding useless
mental exertion。
��38�А 。�1�� Whence we may gather that method is nothing else than
reflective knowledge�察�or the idea of an idea�察�and that as there can be no
idea of an idea ´ unless an idea exists previously�察 � there can be no method
without a pre´existent idea。 ��2�� Therefore�察 �that will be a good method
which shows us how the mind should be directed�察 �according to the
standard of the given true idea。 ��38��3�� Again�察�seeing that the ratio
existing between two ideas the same
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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