嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及3何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



     ��26�А。�1�� We shall then be in a position to see which mode of perception 

we   ought   to   choose。      ��2��   As   to   the   first   mode�察  �it   is   evident   that   from 

hearsay our knowledge must always be uncertain�察�and�察�moreover�察�can give 

us no insight into the essence of a thing�察�as is manifest in our illustration�察�



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now one can only arrive at knowledge of a thing through knowledge of its 

essence�察�as will hereafter appear。           ��3�� We may�察�therefore clearly conclude 

that the certainty arising from hearsay cannot be scientific in its character。 

��4�� For simple hearsay cannot affect anyone whose understanding does not�察�

so to speak�察�meet it half way。 

     ��27�А   。�1�� The second mode of perception ��i�А�cannot be said to give us 

the   idea   of   the   proportion   of   which   we   are   in   search。   ��2��   Moreover   its 

results    are   very   uncertain    and    indefinite�察  �for   we   shall   never   discover 

anything in natural phenomena by its means�察�except accidental properties�察�

which   are   never   clearly   understood�察  �unless   the   essence   of   the   things   in 

question be known first。          ��3�� Wherefore this mode also must be rejected。 

     ��28�А。�1�� Of the third mode of perception we may say in a manner that 

it gives us the idea of the thing sought�察�and that it             us to draw conclusions 

without risk of error�察�yet it is not by itself sufficient to put us in possession 

of the perfection we aim at。 

     ��29�А。�1�� The fourth mode alone apprehends the adequate essence of a 

thing without danger of error。           ��2�� This mode�察�therefore�察�must be the one 

which we chiefly employ。            ��3�� How�察�then�察�should we avail ourselves of it 

so as to gain the fourth kind of knowledge with the least delay concerning 

things previously unknown�拭            。�4�� I will proceed to explain。 

     ��30�А。�1�� Now that we know what kind of knowledge is necessary for us�察�

we must indicate the way and the method whereby we may gain the said 

knowledge   concerning   the   things   needful   to   be   known。   ��2��   In   order   to 

accomplish   this�察  �we   must   first   take   care   not   to   commit   ourselves   to   a 

search�察�going back to infinity ´ that is�察�in order to discover the best method 

of   finding   truth�察  �there   is   no   need   of   another   method   to   discover   such 

method�察  �nor   of   a   third   method   for   discovering   the  second�察  �and   so   on   to 

infinity。     ��3��    By    such    proceedings�察     �we    should    never    arrive    at  the 

knowledge of the truth�察�or�察�indeed�察�at any knowledge at all。                     ��30��4�� The 

matter stands on the same footing as the making of material tools�察�which 

might be argued about in a similar way。               ��5�� For�察�in order to work iron�察�a 

hammer is needed�察�and the hammer cannot be forthcoming unless it   has 

been made�察�but�察�in order to make it�察�there was need of another hammer and 

other  tools�察  �and   so   on   to   infinity。   ��6�� We   might   thus   vainly   endeavor   to 



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prove that men have no power of working iron。 

     ��31�А    。�1�� But as men at first made use of the instruments supplied by 

nature   to   accomplish   very   easy   pieces   of   workmanship�察  �laboriously   and 

imperfectly�察  �and   then�察  �when   these   were   finished�察  �wrought   other   things 

more   difficult   with   less   labour   and   greater   perfection�察  �and   so   gradually 

mounted from the simplest operations to the making of tools�察�and from the 

making of tools to the making of more complex tools�察�and fresh feats of 

workmanship�察�till they arrived at making�察�complicated mechanisms which 

they now possess。          ��31��2�� So�察�in like manner�察�the intellect�察�by its native 

strength�察。�k�В察�makes for itself intellectual instruments�察�whereby it acquires 

strength   for   performing   other   intellectual   operations�察  。�l�В察  �and   from   these 

operations        again      fresh   instruments�察     �or   the    power     of   pushing      its 

investigations       further�察  �and    thus   gradually     proceeds     till  it  reaches    the 

summit of wisdom。 

     ��32�А    。�1�� That this is the path pursued by the understanding may be 

readily seen�察�when we understand the nature of the method for finding out 

the truth�察�and of the natural instruments so necessary complex instruments�察�

and     for    the   progress      of   investigation。       I  thus    proceed      with     my 

demonstration。 

     ��33�А    。�1�� A true idea�察。�m�В察。�for we possess a true idea�� is something 

different   from   its   correlate   ��ideatum���察  �thus   a   circle   is   different   from   the 

idea    of   a  circle。  ��2��   The    idea   of  a  circle   is  not   something      having    a 

circumference and a center�察�as a circle has�察�nor is the idea of a body that 

body  itself。  ��3��   Now�察 �as   it   is   something different   from  its   correlate�察 �it   is 

capable of being understood through itself�察�in other words�察�the idea�察�in so 

far   as   its  actual   essence    ��essentia    formalis��     is  concerned�察    �may   be    the 

subject of another subjective essence ��essentia objectiva��。                    ��33note1�А。�4�� 

And�察  �again�察  �this   second   subjective   essence   will�察  �regarded           in   itself�察  �be 

something real�察       �capable of being understood�察�and so on�察�indefinitely。 

     ��34�А。�1�� For instance�察�the man Peter is something real�察�the true idea of 

Peter    is  the   reality   of   Peter   represented      subjectively�察    �and   is  in  itself 

something real�察�and quite distinct from the actual Peter。                   ��2�� Now�察�as this 

true  idea  of   Peter   is   in   itself something   real�察  �and   has   its   own   individual 

existence�察�it will also be capable of being understood ´ that is�察�of being the 



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subject of   another   idea�察  �which   will   contain   by  representation   ��objective�� 

all that the idea   of   Peter   contains   actually  ��formaliter��。       ��3�� And�察  �again�察�

this idea of the idea of Peter has its own individuality�察�which may become 

the subject of yet another idea�察�and so on�察�indefinitely。              ��4�� This everyone 

may make trial of for himself�察�by reflecting that he knows what Peter is�察�

and also knows that he knows�察�and further knows that he knows that he 

knows�察�&c。       ��34��5�� Hence it is plain that�察�in order to understand the actual 

Peter�察�it is not necessary first to understand the idea of Peter�察�and still less 

the idea of the idea of Peter。         ��6�� This is the same as saying that�察�in order 

to know�察�there is no need to know that we know�察�much less to know that 

we know that we know。            ��7�� This is no more necessary than to know the 

nature of a circle before knowing the nature of a triangle。 ��n�А�                    ��8�� But�察�

with these ideas�察�the contrary is the case�此�for�察�in order to know that I know�察�

I must first know。 

     ��35�А   。�1��  Hence     it  is  clear  that   certainty   is  nothing    else   than   the 

subjective   essence   of   a   thing�此  �in   other   words�察  �the   mode   in   which   we 

perceive an actual reality is certainty。           ��2�� Further�察�it is also evident that�察�

for    the   certitude    of  truth�察  �no   further   sign    is  necessary     beyond     the 

possession of a true idea�此�for�察�as I have shown�察�it is not necessary to know 

that we know that we know。             ��3�� Hence�察�again�察�it is clear that no one can 

know the nature of the highest certainty�察�unless he possesses an adequate 

idea�察�or the subjective essence of a thing�此           �certainty is identical with such 

subjective essence。 

     ��36�А   。�1��   Thus�察  �as   the   truth   needs   no   sign   ´   it   being   to   possess   the 

subjective essence of things�察�or�察�in other words�察�the ideas of them�察�in order 

that all doubts may be removed ´ it follows that the true method does not 

consist in seeking for the signs of truth after the acquisition of the idea�察�but 

that the true method teaches us the order in which we should seek for truth 

itself�察  。�o�А �or  the   subjective    essences    of  things�察  �or   ideas�察 �for   all  these 

expressions are synonymous。 

     ��37�А。�1�� Again�察�method must necessarily be concerned with reasoning 

or understanding ´ I mean�察�method is not identical with reasoning in the 

search for causes�察�still less is it the comprehension of the causes of things�此�

it   is  the  discernment      of  a  true   idea�察  �by   distinguishing     it  from   other 



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perceptions�察�and by investigating its nature�察�in order that we may so train 

our   mind   that   it   may�察  �by   a   given   standard�察  �comprehend   whatsoever   is 

intelligible�察�by laying down certain rules as aids�察�and by avoiding useless 

mental exertion。 

     ��38�А    。�1��   Whence   we   may   gather   that   method   is   nothing   else   than 

reflective knowledge�察�or the idea of an idea�察�and that as there can be no 

idea of an idea ´ unless an idea exists previously�察 � there can be no method 

without   a   pre´existent   idea。      ��2��   Therefore�察  �that   will   be   a   good   method 

which      shows     us  how     the  mind     should    be   directed�察   �according     to   the 

standard of the given true idea。                    ��38��3�� Again�察�seeing that the ratio 

existing     between      two   ideas   the   same    
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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