嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及8何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is 

the sum total of being�察�beyond which there is no being found。 ��76a�А�

     ��77�А    。�1�� Thus far we have treated of the false idea。 We have now to 

investigate the doubtful idea ´ that is�察�to inquire what can cause us to doubt�察�

and how doubt may be removed。                ��2�� I speak of real doubt existing in the 

mind�察�not of such doubt as we see exemplified when a man says that he 

doubts�察�though his mind does not really hesitate。                 ��77��3�� The cure of the 

latter   does   not   fall   within   the   province   of   method�察  �it   belongs   rather   to 

inquiries concerning obstinacy and its cure。 

     ��78�А    。�1��   Real   doubt   is   never    produced     in   the  mind    by   the  thing 

doubted of。       ��2�� In other words�察�if there were only one idea in the mind�察�

whether that idea were true or false�察�there would be no doubt or certainty 

present�察�only a certain sensation。           ��3�� For an idea is in itself nothing else 

than a certain sensation。 ��4�� But doubt will arise through another idea�察�not 



                                                 25 


´ Page 26´

                            On the Improvement of the Understanding 



clear and distinct enough for us to be able to draw any certain conclusions 

with   regard   to   the   matter   under   consideration�察  �that   is�察  �the   idea   which 

causes us to doubt is not clear and distinct。 ��5�� To take an example。 ��78��6�� 

Supposing that a man has never reflected�察�taught by experience or by any 

other   means�察  �that   our   senses   sometimes   deceive   us�察  �he   will   never   doubt 

whether   the   sun   be   greater   or   less   than   it   appears。   ��7��   Thus   rustics   are 

generally astonished when they hear that the sun is much larger than the 

earth。   ��8��   But   from   reflection   on   the   deceitfulness   of   the   senses   ��78a�А�

doubt   arises�察  �and   if�察  �after   doubting�察  �we   acquire   a   true   knowledge   of   the 

senses�察    �and    how    things    at  a   distance    are   represented      through     their 

instrumentality�察�doubt is again removed。 

     ��79�А    。�1�� Hence we cannot cast doubt on true ideas by the supposition 

that there is a deceitful Deity�察�who   leads us astray even in what is   most 

certain。     ��2�� We can only hold such an hypothesis so long as we have no 

clear and distinct idea ´ in other words�察�until we reflect                   the knowledge 

which   we   have   of   the   first   principle   of   all   things�察  �and   find   that   which 

teaches us that God is not a deceiver�察�and until we know this with the same 

certainty as we know from reflecting on the are equal to two right angles。 

��3�� But if we have a knowledge of God equal to that which we have of a 

triangle�察�all doubt is removed。 ��79��4�� In the same way as we can arrive at 

the said knowledge of a triangle�察�though not absolutely sure that there is 

not    some    arch´deceiver      leading    us   astray�察  �so  can    we   come     to  a  like 

knowledge of God under the like condition�察�and when we have attained to 

it�察�it is sufficient�察�as I said before�察�to remove every doubt which we can 

possess concerning clear and distinct ideas。 

     ��80�А    。�1��   Thus�察  �if   a   man   proceeded   with   our   investigations   in   due 

order�察�inquiring first into those things which should first be inquired into�察�

never passing over a link in the chain of association�察�and with knowledge 

how to define his questions before seeking to answer them�察�he will never 

have any ideas save such as are very certain�察�or�察�in other words�察�clear and 

distinct�察  �for   doubt   is   only   a   suspension   of   the   spirit   concerning   some 

affirmation or negation which it would pronounce upon unhesitatingly if it 

were not in ignorance of something�察�without which the knowledge of the 

matter in hand must needs be imperfect。                ��2�� We may�察�therefore�察�conclude 



                                                 26 


´ Page 27´

                            On the Improvement of the Understanding 



that doubt always proceeds from want of due order in investigation。 

     ��81�А    。�1�� These are the points I promised to discuss in the first part of 

my treatise on method。           ��2�� However�察�in order not to omit anything which 

can conduce to the knowledge of the understanding and its faculties�察�I will 

add a few words on the subject of memory and forgetfulness。                             ��81��3�� 

The point most worthy of attention is�察�that memory is strengthened both 

with and without the aid of the understanding。 ��4�� For the more intelligible 

a thing is�察�the more easily is it remembered�察�and the less intelligible it is�察�

the    more     easily   do    we   forget    it。   ��5��    For   instance�察    �a  number      of 

unconnected   words   is   much   more   difficult   to   remember   than   the   same 

number in the form of a narration。 

     ��82�А    。�1��   The   memory   is   also   strengthened   without   the   aid   of   the 

understanding   by   means   of   the   power   wherewith   the   imagination   or   the 

sense called common�察�is affected by some particular physical object。                        ��2�� 

I say particular�察�for the imagination is only affected by particular objects。 

��3�� If we read�察�for instance�察�a single romantic comedy�察�we shall remember 

it very well�察�so long as we do not read many others of the same kind�察�for it 

will reign alone in the memory ��4�� If�察�however�察�we read several others of 

the same kind�察�we shall think of them altogether�察�and easily confuse one 

with another。 ��82��5�� I say also�察�physical。              ��6�� For the imagination is only 

affected   by   physical   objects。      ��7�� As�察  �then�察  �the   memory   is   strengthened 

both with and without the aid of the understanding�察�we may conclude that 

it is different from the understanding�察�and that in the latter considered in 

itself there is neither memory nor forgetfulness。 

     ��83�А。�1�� What�察�then�察�is memory�拭。�2�� It is nothing else than the actual 

sensation of impressions on the brain�察�accompanied with the thought of a 

definite     duration�察   。�83d�А  �of   the  sensation。     ��3��    This   is  also   shown     by 

reminiscence。        ��4��   For   then   we   think   of   the   sensation�察  �but   without   the 

notion   of   continuous   duration�察  �thus   the   idea   of   that   sensation   is   not   the 

actual duration of the sensation or actual memory。                  ��83��5�� Whether ideas 

are or are not subject to corruption will be seen in philosophy。                    ��6�� If this 

seems   too   absurd   to   anyone�察  �it   will   be   sufficient   for   our   purpose�察  �if   he 

reflect on the fact that a thing is more easily remembered in proportion to 

its   singularity�察  �as   appears   from   the   example   of   the   comedy   just   cited。 



                                                 27 


´ Page 28´

                            On the Improvement of the Understanding 



��83��7��   Further�察  �a   thing   is   remembered   more   easily   in   proportion   to   its 

intelligibility�察�therefore we cannot help remember that which is extremely 

singular and sufficiently intelligible。 

     ��84�А    。�1�� Thus�察�then�察�we have distinguished between a true idea and 

other    perceptions�察     �and   shown     that  ideas   fictitious�察  �false�察  �and   the  rest�察�

originate in the imagination ´ that is�察�in certain sensations fortuitous ��so to 

speak�� and disconnected�察�arising not from the power of the mind�察�but from 

external     causes�察   �according      as  the   body�察  �sleeping     or  waking�察    �receives 

various   motions。          ��2��   But   one   may   take   any   view   one   likes   of   the 

imagination   so   long   as   one   acknowledges   that   it   is   different   from   the 

understanding�察�and that the soul is passive with regard to it。                 ��3�� The view 

taken     is  immaterial�察     �if  we   know     that   the   imagination      is  something 

indefinite�察  �with   regard   to   which   the   soul   is   passive�察  �and   that   we   can   by 

some      means     or  other    free  ourselves     therefrom      with   the   help   of   the 

understanding。        ��4�� Let no one then be astonished that before proving the 

existence of body�察 �and other  necessary things�察 �I speak   of imagination   of 

body�察�and of its composition。            ��5�� The view taken is�察�I repeat�察�immaterial�察�

so long as we know that imagination is something indefinite�察�&c。 

     ��85�А。�1�� As regards as a true idea�察�we have shown that it is simple or 

compounded of simple ideas�察�that it shows how and why something is or 

has been made�察�and that its subjective effects in the soul correspond to the 

actual    reality   of  its  object。    ��2��   This    conclusion     is  identical    with   the 

saying of the ancients�察�that true proceeds from cause to effect�察�though the 

ancients�察�so far as I know�察�never formed the conception put forward here 

that the soul acts according to fixed laws�察�and is as it were an immaterial 

automaton。 

     ��86�А    。�1�� Hence�察�as far as is possible at the outset�察�we have acquired a 

knowledge of our understanding�察�and such a standard of a true idea that we 

need   no   longer   fear   confounding   truth   with   falsehood   and   fiction。         ��2�� 

Neither shall we wonder why we understand some things which in nowise 

fall   within   the   scope   of   the   imagination�察  �while   other   things   are   in   the 

imagination   but   wholly   opposed   to   the   understanding�察  �or   others�察  �again�察�

which agree  therewith。          ��3�� We now  know  that the  operations�察 �whereby 

the effects of imagination are produced�察�take place under other laws quite 



                                                 28 


´ Page 29´

             
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��