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on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及8何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is
the sum total of being�察�beyond which there is no being found。 ��76a�А�
��77�А 。�1�� Thus far we have treated of the false idea。 We have now to
investigate the doubtful idea ´ that is�察�to inquire what can cause us to doubt�察�
and how doubt may be removed。 ��2�� I speak of real doubt existing in the
mind�察�not of such doubt as we see exemplified when a man says that he
doubts�察�though his mind does not really hesitate。 ��77��3�� The cure of the
latter does not fall within the province of method�察 �it belongs rather to
inquiries concerning obstinacy and its cure。
��78�А 。�1�� Real doubt is never produced in the mind by the thing
doubted of。 ��2�� In other words�察�if there were only one idea in the mind�察�
whether that idea were true or false�察�there would be no doubt or certainty
present�察�only a certain sensation。 ��3�� For an idea is in itself nothing else
than a certain sensation。 ��4�� But doubt will arise through another idea�察�not
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clear and distinct enough for us to be able to draw any certain conclusions
with regard to the matter under consideration�察 �that is�察 �the idea which
causes us to doubt is not clear and distinct。 ��5�� To take an example。 ��78��6��
Supposing that a man has never reflected�察�taught by experience or by any
other means�察 �that our senses sometimes deceive us�察 �he will never doubt
whether the sun be greater or less than it appears。 ��7�� Thus rustics are
generally astonished when they hear that the sun is much larger than the
earth。 ��8�� But from reflection on the deceitfulness of the senses ��78a�А�
doubt arises�察 �and if�察 �after doubting�察 �we acquire a true knowledge of the
senses�察 �and how things at a distance are represented through their
instrumentality�察�doubt is again removed。
��79�А 。�1�� Hence we cannot cast doubt on true ideas by the supposition
that there is a deceitful Deity�察�who leads us astray even in what is most
certain。 ��2�� We can only hold such an hypothesis so long as we have no
clear and distinct idea ´ in other words�察�until we reflect the knowledge
which we have of the first principle of all things�察 �and find that which
teaches us that God is not a deceiver�察�and until we know this with the same
certainty as we know from reflecting on the are equal to two right angles。
��3�� But if we have a knowledge of God equal to that which we have of a
triangle�察�all doubt is removed。 ��79��4�� In the same way as we can arrive at
the said knowledge of a triangle�察�though not absolutely sure that there is
not some arch´deceiver leading us astray�察 �so can we come to a like
knowledge of God under the like condition�察�and when we have attained to
it�察�it is sufficient�察�as I said before�察�to remove every doubt which we can
possess concerning clear and distinct ideas。
��80�А 。�1�� Thus�察 �if a man proceeded with our investigations in due
order�察�inquiring first into those things which should first be inquired into�察�
never passing over a link in the chain of association�察�and with knowledge
how to define his questions before seeking to answer them�察�he will never
have any ideas save such as are very certain�察�or�察�in other words�察�clear and
distinct�察 �for doubt is only a suspension of the spirit concerning some
affirmation or negation which it would pronounce upon unhesitatingly if it
were not in ignorance of something�察�without which the knowledge of the
matter in hand must needs be imperfect。 ��2�� We may�察�therefore�察�conclude
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that doubt always proceeds from want of due order in investigation。
��81�А 。�1�� These are the points I promised to discuss in the first part of
my treatise on method。 ��2�� However�察�in order not to omit anything which
can conduce to the knowledge of the understanding and its faculties�察�I will
add a few words on the subject of memory and forgetfulness。 ��81��3��
The point most worthy of attention is�察�that memory is strengthened both
with and without the aid of the understanding。 ��4�� For the more intelligible
a thing is�察�the more easily is it remembered�察�and the less intelligible it is�察�
the more easily do we forget it。 ��5�� For instance�察 �a number of
unconnected words is much more difficult to remember than the same
number in the form of a narration。
��82�А 。�1�� The memory is also strengthened without the aid of the
understanding by means of the power wherewith the imagination or the
sense called common�察�is affected by some particular physical object。 ��2��
I say particular�察�for the imagination is only affected by particular objects。
��3�� If we read�察�for instance�察�a single romantic comedy�察�we shall remember
it very well�察�so long as we do not read many others of the same kind�察�for it
will reign alone in the memory ��4�� If�察�however�察�we read several others of
the same kind�察�we shall think of them altogether�察�and easily confuse one
with another。 ��82��5�� I say also�察�physical。 ��6�� For the imagination is only
affected by physical objects。 ��7�� As�察 �then�察 �the memory is strengthened
both with and without the aid of the understanding�察�we may conclude that
it is different from the understanding�察�and that in the latter considered in
itself there is neither memory nor forgetfulness。
��83�А。�1�� What�察�then�察�is memory�拭。�2�� It is nothing else than the actual
sensation of impressions on the brain�察�accompanied with the thought of a
definite duration�察 。�83d�А �of the sensation。 ��3�� This is also shown by
reminiscence。 ��4�� For then we think of the sensation�察 �but without the
notion of continuous duration�察 �thus the idea of that sensation is not the
actual duration of the sensation or actual memory。 ��83��5�� Whether ideas
are or are not subject to corruption will be seen in philosophy。 ��6�� If this
seems too absurd to anyone�察 �it will be sufficient for our purpose�察 �if he
reflect on the fact that a thing is more easily remembered in proportion to
its singularity�察 �as appears from the example of the comedy just cited。
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��83��7�� Further�察 �a thing is remembered more easily in proportion to its
intelligibility�察�therefore we cannot help remember that which is extremely
singular and sufficiently intelligible。
��84�А 。�1�� Thus�察�then�察�we have distinguished between a true idea and
other perceptions�察 �and shown that ideas fictitious�察 �false�察 �and the rest�察�
originate in the imagination ´ that is�察�in certain sensations fortuitous ��so to
speak�� and disconnected�察�arising not from the power of the mind�察�but from
external causes�察 �according as the body�察 �sleeping or waking�察 �receives
various motions。 ��2�� But one may take any view one likes of the
imagination so long as one acknowledges that it is different from the
understanding�察�and that the soul is passive with regard to it。 ��3�� The view
taken is immaterial�察 �if we know that the imagination is something
indefinite�察 �with regard to which the soul is passive�察 �and that we can by
some means or other free ourselves therefrom with the help of the
understanding。 ��4�� Let no one then be astonished that before proving the
existence of body�察 �and other necessary things�察 �I speak of imagination of
body�察�and of its composition。 ��5�� The view taken is�察�I repeat�察�immaterial�察�
so long as we know that imagination is something indefinite�察�&c。
��85�А。�1�� As regards as a true idea�察�we have shown that it is simple or
compounded of simple ideas�察�that it shows how and why something is or
has been made�察�and that its subjective effects in the soul correspond to the
actual reality of its object。 ��2�� This conclusion is identical with the
saying of the ancients�察�that true proceeds from cause to effect�察�though the
ancients�察�so far as I know�察�never formed the conception put forward here
that the soul acts according to fixed laws�察�and is as it were an immaterial
automaton。
��86�А 。�1�� Hence�察�as far as is possible at the outset�察�we have acquired a
knowledge of our understanding�察�and such a standard of a true idea that we
need no longer fear confounding truth with falsehood and fiction。 ��2��
Neither shall we wonder why we understand some things which in nowise
fall within the scope of the imagination�察 �while other things are in the
imagination but wholly opposed to the understanding�察 �or others�察 �again�察�
which agree therewith。 ��3�� We now know that the operations�察 �whereby
the effects of imagination are produced�察�take place under other laws quite
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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