嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及7何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



extrinsic   object   as   by  its   intrinsic   nature。   ��2��   If   an   architect   conceives   a 

building   properly   constructed�察  �though   such   a   building   may   never   have 

existed�察  �and   amy   never   exist�察  �nevertheless   the   idea   is   true�察  �and   the   idea 

remains the same�察�whether it be put into execution or not。                      ��69��3�� On the 

other     hand�察   �if  anyone    asserts�察   �for  instance�察    �that  Peter    exists�察  �without 

knowing   whether   Peter   really   exists   or   not�察  �the   assertion�察  �as   far   as   its 

asserter is concerned�察�is false�察�or not true�察�even though Peter actually does 

exist。    ��4�� The assertion that Peter exists is true only with regard to him 

who knows for certain that Peter does exist。 

     ��70�А    。�1��   Whence   it   follows   that   there   is   in   ideas   something   real�察�

whereby the true are distinguished from the false。                    ��2�� This reality must 

be inquired into�察�if we are to find the best standard of truth ��we have said 

that we ought to determine our thoughts by the given standard of a  true 

idea�察�and that method is reflective knowledge���察�and to know the properties 

of   our   understanding。        ��70��3��   Neither   must   we   say   that   the   difference 

between true and false arises from the fact�察�that true knowledge consists in 

knowing things through their primary causes�察�wherein it is totally different 

from false knowledge�察�as I have just explained it�此�for thought is said to be 

true�察�if it involves subjectively the essence of any principle which has no 

cause�察�and is known through itself and in itself。 

     ��71�А    。�1�� Wherefore the reality ��forma�� of true thought must exist in 

the    thought     itself�察  �without     reference     to   other   thoughts�察     �it  does    not 

acknowledge the object as its cause�察�but must depend on the actual power 

and     nature    of   the   understanding。        ��2��    For�察  �if  we    suppose      that   the 



                                                  22 


´ Page 23´

                            On the Improvement of the Understanding 



understanding has perceived some new entity which has never existed�察�as 

some      conceive     the   understanding       of  God    before    He    created    thing   ��a 

perception       which     certainly     could    not    arise    any     object���察   �and    has 

legitimately       deduced      other    thoughts     from    said    perception�察    �all   such 

thoughts would be true�察�without being determined by any external object�察�

they would depend solely on the power and nature of the understanding。 

��71��3�� Thus�察�that   which   constitutes the   reality  of   a true   thought   must   be 

sought      in   the   thought     itself�察 �and    deduced      from     the   nature    of   the 

understanding。 

     ��72�А     。�1��    In  order    to   pursue     our   investigation�察     �let  us   confront 

ourselves   with   some   true   idea�察  �whose   object   we   know   for   certain   to   be 

dependent on our power of thinking�察�and to have nothing corresponding to 

it in nature。     ��2�� With an idea of this kind before us�察�we shall�察�as appears 

from what has just been said�察�be more easily able to carry on the research 

we have in view。 ��72��3�� For instance�察�in order to form the conception of a 

sphere�察�I invent a cause at my pleasure ´ namely�察�a semicircle  revolving 

round its center�察�and thus producing a sphere。                  ��4�� This is indisputably a 

true idea�察�and�察�although we know that no sphere in nature has ever actually 

been so formed�察�the perception remains true�察�and is the easiest manner of 

conceiving a sphere。 ��72��5�� We   must observe that this perception asserts 

the rotation of a semicircle ´ which assertion would be false�察�if it were not 

associated   with   the   conception   of   a   sphere�察  �or   of   a   cause   determining   a 

motion of the kind�察�or absolutely�察�if the assertion were isolated。                     ��6�� The 

mind   would   then   only   tend   to   the   affirmation   of   the   sole   motion   of   a 

semicircle�察�which is not contained in the conception of a semicircle�察�and 

does not arise from the conception of any cause capable of producing such 

motion。           ��72��7��   Thus   falsity   consists   only   in   this�察  �that   something   is 

affirmed   of   a   thing�察  �which   is   not   contained   in   the   conception   we   have 

formed   of   that   thing�察  �as   motion   or   rest   of   a   semicircle。   ��8��   Whence   it 

follows that simple ideas cannot be other than true ´ e。g。�察�the simple idea 

of    a   semicircle�察    �of   motion�察    �of   rest�察  �of   quantity�察   �&c。            ��72��9�� 

Whatsoever affirmation such ideas contain is equal to the concept formed�察�

and   does   not   extend   further。     ��10��   Wherefore   we   form   as   many   simple 

ideas as we please�察�without any fear of error。 



                                                  23 


´ Page 24´

                            On the Improvement of the Understanding 



     ��73�А    。�1��   It only  remains   for   us to inquire   by  what   power   our   mind 

can   form   true   ideas�察  �and   how   far   such   power   extends。        ��2��   It   is   certain 

that such power cannot extend itself infinitely。                  ��3�� For when we affirm 

somewhat   of   a   thing�察  �which   is   not   contained   in   the   concept   we   have 

formed of that thing�察�such an affirmation shows a defect of our perception�察�

or   that   we   have   formed   fragmentary   or   mutilated   ideas。            ��4��   Thus   we 

have seen that the notion of a semicircle is false when it is isolated in the 

mind�察  �but   true   when   it   is   associated   with   the   concept   of   a   sphere�察  �or   of 

some cause determining such a motion。                   ��73��5�� But if it be the nature of a 

thinking   being�察  �as   seems�察  �prima   facie�察  �to   be   the   case�察  �to   form   true   or 

adequate thoughts�察�it is plain that inadequate ideas arise in us only because 

we are parts of a thinking being�察�whose thoughts ´ some in their entirety�察�

others in fragments only ´ constitute our mind。 

     ��74�А    。�1�� But there is another point to be considered�察�which was not 

worth     raising    in  the   case   of   fiction�察  �but   which     give   rise  to   complete 

deception ´ namely�察�that   certain things presented   to the   imagination   also 

exist   in   the   understanding   ´   in   other   words�察  �are   conceived   clearly   and 

distinctly。     ��2�� Hence�察�so long as we do not separate that which is distinct 

from   that   which   is   confused�察  �certainty�察  �or   the   true   idea�察  �becomes   mixed 

with indistinct ideas。         ��3�� For instance�察�certain Stoics heard�察�perhaps�察�the 

term   ;soul�察─    �and    also   that  the   soul   is  immortal�察     �yet  imagined      it  only 

confusedly�察  �they   imaged�察  �also�察  �and   understood   that   very   subtle   bodies 

penetrate   all   others�察  �and   are   penetrated   by   none。       ��74��4��   By   combining 

these ideas�察�and being at the same time certain of the truth of the axiom�察�

they   forthwith   became   convinced   that   the   mind   consists   of   very   subtle 

bodies�察�that these very subtle bodies cannot be divided &c。 

     ��75�А    。�1�� But we are freed from mistakes of this kind�察�so long as we 

endeavor to examine all our perceptions by the standard of the given true 

idea。      ��2��    We    must    take    care�察  �as   has    been    said�察  �to   separate     such 

perceptions       from    all   those    which     arise   from    hearsay     or   unclassified 

experience。         ��3��    Moreover�察      �such    mistakes      arise    from    things     being 

conceived too much in the abstract�察�for it is sufficiently self´evident that 

what   I   conceive   as   in   its   true   object   I   cannot   apply   to   anything   else。 

��75��4��   Lastly�察  �they   arise   from   a   want   of   understanding   of   the   primary 



                                                   24 


´ Page 25´

                           On the Improvement of the Understanding 



elements of nature as a whole�察�whence we proceed without due order�察�and 

confound nature with abstract rules�察�which�察�although they be true enough 

in   their   sphere�察  �yet�察  �when   misapplied�察  �confound   themselves�察  �and   pervert 

the order of nature。        ��5�� However�察�if we proceed with as little abstraction 

as possible�察�and begin from primary elements ´ that is�察�from the source and 

origin   of   nature�察  �as   far   back   as   we   can   reach�察   �   we   need   not   fear   any 

deceptions of this kind。 

     ��76�А。�1�� As far as the knowledge of the origin of nature is concerned�察�

there is no danger of our confounding it with abstractions。                   ��2�� For when 

a thing is conceived in the abstract�察�as are all universal notions�察�the said 

universal notions are always more extensive in the mind than the number 

of individuals forming their contents really existing in nature。                  ��3�� Again�察�

there are many things in nature�察�the difference between which is so slight 

as   to   be   hardly   perceptible   to   the   understanding�察  �so   that   it   may   readily 

happen   that   such   things   are   confounded   together�察  �if   they   be   conceived 

abstractedly。      ��4��   But   since   the   first   principle   of   nature   cannot   ��as   we 

shall   see   hereafter��   be   conceived   abstractedly   or   universally�察  �and   cannot 

extend   further   in   the   understanding   than   it   does   in   reality�察  �and   has   no 

likeness to mutable things�察�no confusion need be feared in respect to the 

idea of it�察�provided ��as before shown�� that we possess a standard of truth。 

��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is 

the sum total of be
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��