嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及7何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
extrinsic object as by its intrinsic nature。 ��2�� If an architect conceives a
building properly constructed�察 �though such a building may never have
existed�察 �and amy never exist�察 �nevertheless the idea is true�察 �and the idea
remains the same�察�whether it be put into execution or not。 ��69��3�� On the
other hand�察 �if anyone asserts�察 �for instance�察 �that Peter exists�察 �without
knowing whether Peter really exists or not�察 �the assertion�察 �as far as its
asserter is concerned�察�is false�察�or not true�察�even though Peter actually does
exist。 ��4�� The assertion that Peter exists is true only with regard to him
who knows for certain that Peter does exist。
��70�А 。�1�� Whence it follows that there is in ideas something real�察�
whereby the true are distinguished from the false。 ��2�� This reality must
be inquired into�察�if we are to find the best standard of truth ��we have said
that we ought to determine our thoughts by the given standard of a true
idea�察�and that method is reflective knowledge���察�and to know the properties
of our understanding。 ��70��3�� Neither must we say that the difference
between true and false arises from the fact�察�that true knowledge consists in
knowing things through their primary causes�察�wherein it is totally different
from false knowledge�察�as I have just explained it�此�for thought is said to be
true�察�if it involves subjectively the essence of any principle which has no
cause�察�and is known through itself and in itself。
��71�А 。�1�� Wherefore the reality ��forma�� of true thought must exist in
the thought itself�察 �without reference to other thoughts�察 �it does not
acknowledge the object as its cause�察�but must depend on the actual power
and nature of the understanding。 ��2�� For�察 �if we suppose that the
22
´ Page 23´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
understanding has perceived some new entity which has never existed�察�as
some conceive the understanding of God before He created thing ��a
perception which certainly could not arise any object���察 �and has
legitimately deduced other thoughts from said perception�察 �all such
thoughts would be true�察�without being determined by any external object�察�
they would depend solely on the power and nature of the understanding。
��71��3�� Thus�察�that which constitutes the reality of a true thought must be
sought in the thought itself�察 �and deduced from the nature of the
understanding。
��72�А 。�1�� In order to pursue our investigation�察 �let us confront
ourselves with some true idea�察 �whose object we know for certain to be
dependent on our power of thinking�察�and to have nothing corresponding to
it in nature。 ��2�� With an idea of this kind before us�察�we shall�察�as appears
from what has just been said�察�be more easily able to carry on the research
we have in view。 ��72��3�� For instance�察�in order to form the conception of a
sphere�察�I invent a cause at my pleasure ´ namely�察�a semicircle revolving
round its center�察�and thus producing a sphere。 ��4�� This is indisputably a
true idea�察�and�察�although we know that no sphere in nature has ever actually
been so formed�察�the perception remains true�察�and is the easiest manner of
conceiving a sphere。 ��72��5�� We must observe that this perception asserts
the rotation of a semicircle ´ which assertion would be false�察�if it were not
associated with the conception of a sphere�察 �or of a cause determining a
motion of the kind�察�or absolutely�察�if the assertion were isolated。 ��6�� The
mind would then only tend to the affirmation of the sole motion of a
semicircle�察�which is not contained in the conception of a semicircle�察�and
does not arise from the conception of any cause capable of producing such
motion。 ��72��7�� Thus falsity consists only in this�察 �that something is
affirmed of a thing�察 �which is not contained in the conception we have
formed of that thing�察 �as motion or rest of a semicircle。 ��8�� Whence it
follows that simple ideas cannot be other than true ´ e。g。�察�the simple idea
of a semicircle�察 �of motion�察 �of rest�察 �of quantity�察 �&c。 ��72��9��
Whatsoever affirmation such ideas contain is equal to the concept formed�察�
and does not extend further。 ��10�� Wherefore we form as many simple
ideas as we please�察�without any fear of error。
23
´ Page 24´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
��73�А 。�1�� It only remains for us to inquire by what power our mind
can form true ideas�察 �and how far such power extends。 ��2�� It is certain
that such power cannot extend itself infinitely。 ��3�� For when we affirm
somewhat of a thing�察 �which is not contained in the concept we have
formed of that thing�察�such an affirmation shows a defect of our perception�察�
or that we have formed fragmentary or mutilated ideas。 ��4�� Thus we
have seen that the notion of a semicircle is false when it is isolated in the
mind�察 �but true when it is associated with the concept of a sphere�察 �or of
some cause determining such a motion。 ��73��5�� But if it be the nature of a
thinking being�察 �as seems�察 �prima facie�察 �to be the case�察 �to form true or
adequate thoughts�察�it is plain that inadequate ideas arise in us only because
we are parts of a thinking being�察�whose thoughts ´ some in their entirety�察�
others in fragments only ´ constitute our mind。
��74�А 。�1�� But there is another point to be considered�察�which was not
worth raising in the case of fiction�察 �but which give rise to complete
deception ´ namely�察�that certain things presented to the imagination also
exist in the understanding ´ in other words�察 �are conceived clearly and
distinctly。 ��2�� Hence�察�so long as we do not separate that which is distinct
from that which is confused�察 �certainty�察 �or the true idea�察 �becomes mixed
with indistinct ideas。 ��3�� For instance�察�certain Stoics heard�察�perhaps�察�the
term ;soul�察─ �and also that the soul is immortal�察 �yet imagined it only
confusedly�察 �they imaged�察 �also�察 �and understood that very subtle bodies
penetrate all others�察 �and are penetrated by none。 ��74��4�� By combining
these ideas�察�and being at the same time certain of the truth of the axiom�察�
they forthwith became convinced that the mind consists of very subtle
bodies�察�that these very subtle bodies cannot be divided &c。
��75�А 。�1�� But we are freed from mistakes of this kind�察�so long as we
endeavor to examine all our perceptions by the standard of the given true
idea。 ��2�� We must take care�察 �as has been said�察 �to separate such
perceptions from all those which arise from hearsay or unclassified
experience。 ��3�� Moreover�察 �such mistakes arise from things being
conceived too much in the abstract�察�for it is sufficiently self´evident that
what I conceive as in its true object I cannot apply to anything else。
��75��4�� Lastly�察 �they arise from a want of understanding of the primary
24
´ Page 25´
On the Improvement of the Understanding
elements of nature as a whole�察�whence we proceed without due order�察�and
confound nature with abstract rules�察�which�察�although they be true enough
in their sphere�察 �yet�察 �when misapplied�察 �confound themselves�察 �and pervert
the order of nature。 ��5�� However�察�if we proceed with as little abstraction
as possible�察�and begin from primary elements ´ that is�察�from the source and
origin of nature�察 �as far back as we can reach�察 � we need not fear any
deceptions of this kind。
��76�А。�1�� As far as the knowledge of the origin of nature is concerned�察�
there is no danger of our confounding it with abstractions。 ��2�� For when
a thing is conceived in the abstract�察�as are all universal notions�察�the said
universal notions are always more extensive in the mind than the number
of individuals forming their contents really existing in nature。 ��3�� Again�察�
there are many things in nature�察�the difference between which is so slight
as to be hardly perceptible to the understanding�察 �so that it may readily
happen that such things are confounded together�察 �if they be conceived
abstractedly。 ��4�� But since the first principle of nature cannot ��as we
shall see hereafter�� be conceived abstractedly or universally�察 �and cannot
extend further in the understanding than it does in reality�察 �and has no
likeness to mutable things�察�no confusion need be feared in respect to the
idea of it�察�provided ��as before shown�� that we possess a standard of truth。
��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is
the sum total of be
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��