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  The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



The dawn of amateur 

      radio in the U。K。 



                          Norman F。 Joly。 



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               The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



                                      Prologue 



                                       Thales of Miletus。 

       Thales�察�who was born in 640 B。C。�察�was a man of exceptional wisdom 

and one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece。 He was the father of Greek�察�

and   consequently   of   European   philosophy   and   science。   His   speculations 

embraced       a  wide   range    of  subjects    relating   to  political   as  well   as  to 

celestial   matters。   One   must   remember   that   even   up   to   the   18th   century 

there was no clear distinction between philosophy and science�察�both being 

products of the human mind in its attempts to explain reality。 

       Thales   had   studied   astronomy   in   Egypt   so   he   was   able   to   draw   up 

accurate tables forecasting when the River Nile would be in flood。 But he 

first became widely known by anticipating an eclipse of the sun for May 

585   B。C。�察  �which   happened   to   coincide   with   the   final   battle   of   the   war 

between the Lydians and the Persians。 He had used some tables drawn up 

by Babylonian astronomers�察�but he did not succeed in forecasting the exact 

day ��May 28th�� or the hour of the spectacular event。 

       It can well be said that Thales was the first man ever recorded to have 

cornered the market in a commodity�此�having foreseen a three´year drought 

he bought up large quantities of olive oil and stored it for sale at a later 

date。 

       But   who   could   possibly   have   imagined   that   one   of   Thales'   original 

speculations   would   affect   the   Radio Amateurs   of   the   20th   Century�拭  �He 

believed that certain inanimate substances�察�like lodestones ��magnetic rocks�� 

and the resin amber�察�possessed psyche ��a soul��。 

       Many centuries had to elapse before this soul was identified as static 

electricity    and   magnetism       and   harnessed     for  the   generation    of   mains 

electricity which dramatically altered the pattern of life on our planet ´ and 

also led to the creation of our hobby of Amateur Radio。 

       About     400   years   ago   an   English    scientist   called   William    Gilbert 

��1544´1603���察�who had read about the unexplained observation of Thales�察�

also   became   interested   in   the   intangible   property   and   decided   to   call   it 

electricity�察�from the classical Greek word for amber�察�which is electron。 



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              The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



                           CHAPTER ONE 



                     THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY 

       The   phenomenon        which    Thales    had   observed     and   recorded    five 

centuries before the birth of Christ aroused the interest of many scientists 

through the ages。 They made various practical experiments in their efforts 

to identify the elusive force which Thales had likened to a 'soul' and which 

we now know to have been static electricity。 

       Of all forms of energy�察�electricity is the most baffling and difficult to 

describe。   An    electric   current   cannot   be   seen。   In   fact   it   does   not   exist 

outside the wires and other conductors which carry it。 A live wire carrying 

a current looks exactly the same and weighs exactly the same as it does 

when it is not carrying a current。 An electric current is simply a movement 

or flow of electrons。 

       Benjamin   Franklin�察  �the   American   statesman   and   scientist   born        in 

Boston in 1706�察�investigated the nature of thunder and lightning by flying 

a child's kite during a thunderstorm。 He had attached a metal spike to the 

kite�察�and at the other end of the string to which the kite was tied he secured 

a key。 As the rain soaked into the string�察�electricity flowed freely down the 

string and Franklin was able to draw large sparks from the key。 Of course 

this   could   have   been   very   dangerous�察  �but   he   had   foreseen   it   and   had 

supported the string through an insulator。 He observed that this electricity 

had the same properties as the static electricity produced by friction。 

       But   long   before    Franklin    many     other   scientists   had   carried   out 

research into the nature of electricity。 

       In England William Gilbert ��1544´1603�� had noticed that the powers 

of attraction and repulsion of two non´metallic rods which he had rubbed 

briskly were similar to those of lodestone and amber ´ they had acquired 

the   curious   quality   we   call   magnetism。   Remembering   Thales   of   old   he 

coined the word 'electricity'。 

       Otto von Guericke ��1602´1686�� a Mayor of Magdeburg in Germany�察�

was an amateur scientist who had constructed all manner of gadgets。 One 

of them was a machine consisting of two glass discs revolving in opposite 

directions which produced high voltage charges through friction。 Ramsden 



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               The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



and Wimshurst built improved versions of the machine。 

       A  significant   breakthrough   occurred   when Alessandro   Volta   ��1745´ 

1827�� in Italy constructed a simple electric cell ��in 1799�� which produced 

a flow of electrons by chemical means。 Two plates�察�one of copper and the 

other of zinc�察�were placed in an acid solution and a current flowed through 

an   external   wire   connecting   the   two   plates。   Later   he   connected   cells   in 

series ��voltaic pile�� which consisted of alternate layers of zinc and copper 

discs separated by flannel discs soaked in brine or acid which produced a 

higher     electric    pressure     ��voltage��。    But    Volta    never    found     the   right 

explanation of why his cell was working。 He thought the flow of electric 

current was due to the contact between the two metals�察�whereas in fact it 

results    from    the  chemical      action   of  the   electrolyte    on   the   zinc   plate。 

However�察�his discovery proved to be of incalculable value in research�察�as 

it enabled scientists to carry out experiments which led to the discoveries 

of the heating�察�lighting�察�chemical and magnetic effects of electricity。 

       One of the many scientists and physicists who took advantage of the 

'current    electricity'   made     possible    by   Volta's   cells  was    Hans    Christian 

Oersted ��1777´1851�� of Denmark。 Like many others he was looking for a 

connection   between   the   age´old   study   of   magnetism   and   electricity�察  �but 

now he was able to pass electric currents through wires and place magnets 

in   various   positions   near   the   wires。   His   epoch´making   discovery   which 

established      for  the   first  time   the   relationship    between     magnetism       and 

electricity was in fact an accident。 

       While lecturing to students he showed them that the current flowing 

in   a   wire   held   over   a   magnetic   compass needle   and   at   right   angles   to   it 

��that   is   east´west��   had   no   effect   on   the  needle。   Oersted   suggested   to   his 

assistant   that   he   might   try   holding   the   wire   parallel   to   the  length   of   the 

needle   ��north´south��   and   hey   presto�察  �the   needle   was   deflected�   �He   had 

stumbled upon the electromagnetic effect in the first recorded instance of a 

wire behaving like a magnet when a current is passed through it。 

       A development of Oersted's demonstration with the compass needle 

was used to construct the world's first system of signaling by the use of 

electricity。 

       In 1837 Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke took out a patent for 



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               The dawn of amateur radio in the U。K。 and Greece �此�a personal view 



the    world's    first  Five´needle      Telegraph�察    �which     was   installed    between 

Paddington railway station in west London and West Drayton station a few 

miles away。 The five copper wires required for this system were embedded 

in blocks of wood。 

       Electrolysis�察    �the   chemical     decomposition        of  a   substance     into   its 

constituent elements by the action of an electric current�察�was discovered 

by  the   English   chemists   Carlisle   and William  Nicholson   ��1753´1815��。  If 

an electric current is passed through water it is broken down into the two 

elements of which it is composed  hydrogen and oxygen。 The process is 

used   extensively  in   modern   industry  for   electroplating。   Michael   Faraday 

��1791´1867�� who was employed as a chemist at the Royal Institution�察�was 

responsible   for   introducing   many   of   the   technical   terms   connected   with 

electrolysis�察    �like   electrolyte    for  the   liquid   through     which     the  electric 

current   is   passed�察  �and   anode   and   cathode   for   the   positive   and   negative 

electrodes respectively。 He also established the laws of the process itself。 

But   most   people   remember   his   name   in   connection            with   his   practical 

demonstration of electromagnetic induction。 

       In France Andre´Marie Ampere ��1775´1836�� carried out a complete 

mathematical   study   of   the   laws   which   govern   the   interaction           between 

wires carrying electric currents。 

       In   Germany   in
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