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the dawn of amateur radio in the u[1].k.(辺咄字鴨侘議貴伏)-及2何蛍

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wires carrying electric currents。 

       In   Germany   in   1826   a   Bavarian   schoolmaster   Georg   Ohm   ��1789´ 

1854��   had   defined   the   relationship   between   electric   pressure   ��voltage���察�

current ��flow rate�� and resistance in a circuit ��Ohm's law�� but 16 years had 

to elapse before he received recognition for his work。 

       Scientists   were     now   convinced       that   since  the   flow   of   an  electric 

current in a wire or a coil of wire caused it to acquire magnetic properties�察�

the opposite might also prove to be true�此�a magnet could possibly be used 

to generate a flow of electricity。 

       Michael   Faraday   had   worked   on   this   problem   for   ten   years   when 

finally�察�in 1830�察�he gave his famous lecture in which he demonstrated�察�for 

the first time in history�察�the principle of electromagnetic induction。 He had 

constructed powerful electromagnets consisting of coils of wire。 When he 

caused the magnetic lines of force surrounding one coil to rise and fall by 

interrupting or varying the flow of current�察�a similar current was induced 



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in a neighbouring coil closely coupled to the first。 

       The colossal importance of Faraday's discovery was that it paved the 

way   for   the   generation   of   electricity  by   mechanical   means。   However�察  �as 

can be seen from the drawing�察�the basic generator produces an alternating 

flow of current。��A。C。�� 

        Rotating a coil of wire steadily through a complete revolution in the 

steady   magnetic   field   between   the   north   and   south   poles   of   a   magnet 

results   in   an   electromotive   force   ��E。M。F。��   at   its   terminals   which   rises   in 

value�察�falls back to zero�察�reverses in a negative direction�察�reaches a peak 

and again returns to zero。 This completes one cycle or sine wave。 ��1Hz in 

S。I。units��。 

        In   recent   years   other   methods   have   been   developed   for   generating 

electrical     power    in   relatively    small   quantities    for   special    applications。 

Semiconductors�察         �which     combine      heat   insulation     with    good    electrical 

conduction�察      �are   used    for   thermoelectric      generators     to   power     isolated 

weather   stations�察  �artificial   satellites�察  �undersea   cables   and   marker   buoys。 

Specially developed diode valves are used as thermionic generators with 

an   efficiency�察  �at   present�察�of   only  20�ァ  �but   the   heat taken   away  from   the 

anode is used to raise steam for conventional power generation。 

        Sir Humphry Davy ��1778´1829�� one of Britain's leading chemists of 

the 18th century�察�is best remembered for his safety lamp for miners which 

cut down the risk of methane gas explosions in mines。 It was Davy who 

first   demonstrated       that   electricity   could    be   used   to   produce     light。  He 

connected   two   carbon   rods   to   a   heavy   duty   storage   battery。   When   he 

touched      the   tips  of   the   rods   together     a  very   bright    white    light   was 

produced。 As he drew the rods apart�察�the arc light persisted until the tips 

had   burnt   away   to   the   critical   gap   which   extinguished   the   light。   As   a 

researcher and lecturer at the Royal Institution Davy worked closely with 

Michael   Faraday   who   first   joined   the   institution   as   his   manservant   and 

later became his secretary。 Davy's crowning honour in the scientific world 

came in 1820�察�when he was elected President of the Royal Society。 

        In the U。S。A。 the prolific inventor Thomas Alva Edison ��1847´1831�� 

who had invented the incandescent carbon filament bulb�察�built a number of 

electricity generators in the vicinity of the Niagara Falls。 These used the 



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power of the falling water to drive hydraulic turbines which were coupled 

to   the   dynamos。   These   generators   were   fitted   with   a   spinning   switch   or 

commutator ��one of the neatest gadgets Edison ever invented�� to make the 

current     flow     in  unidirectional      pulses     ��D。C。��    In   1876     all  electrical 

equipment was powered by direct current。 

       Today mains electricity plays a vital part in our everyday lives and its 

applications   are   widespread   and   staggering   in   their   immensity。   But   we 

must   not   forget   that   popular   demand   for   this   convenient   form   of   power 

arose only about 100 years ago�察�mainly for illumination。 

       Recent experiments in superconductivity�察�using ceramic instead metal 

conductors have given us an exciting glimpse into what might be achieved 

for improving efficiency in the distribution of electric power。 

       Historians of the future may well characterise the 20th century as `the 

century  of   electricity   &   electronics'。   But   Edison's   D。C。   generators   could 

not   in   themselves�察  �have   achieved   the   spectacular   progress   that   has   been 

made。 All over   the   world we   depend totally  on a system  of   transmitting 

mains electricity over long distances which was originally created by an 

amazing       inventor    whose      scientific   discoveries     changed�察     �and   are   still 

changing�察�the whole world。 His name was scarcely known to the general 

public�察�especially in Europe�察�where he was born。 

       Who was this unknown pioneer�拭�Some people reckon that it was this 

astonishing visionary who invented wireless�察�remote control�察�robotics and 

a form of X´ray photography using high frequency radio waves。 A patent 

which he took out in the U。S。A。 in 1890 ultimately led to the design of the 

humble ignition coil which energises billions and billions of spark plugs in 

all   the   motor   cars   of   the   world。   His   American   patents   fill   a   book   two 

inches thick。 His name was Nicola Tesla ��1856´1943��。 

       Nicola Tesla was born in a small village in Croatia which at that time 

formed part of the great Austro´Hungarian Empire。 Today it is a northern 

province   of   Yugoslavia�察  �a   state   created   after   the   1914´1918   war。   Tesla 

studied at the Graz Technical University and later in Budapest。 Early in his 

studies he had the idea that a way had to be found to run electric motors 

directly   from   A。C。   generators。   His   professor   in        Graz   had   assured   him 

categorically       that   this  was     not   possible。    But    young     Tesla    was    not 



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convinced。       When     he   went   to   Budapest     he   got   a  job   in  the   Central 

Telegraph Office�察�and one evening in 1882�察�as he was sitting on a bench in 

the City Park he had an inspiration which ultimately led to the solution of 

the problem。 

       Tesla remembered a poem by the German poet Goethe about the sun 

which supports life on the earth and when the day is over moves on to give 

life   to   the   other   side   of   the   globe。   He   picked   up   a   twig   and   began   to 

scratch a drawing on the soil in front of him。 He drew four coils arranged 

symmetrically round the circumference of a circle。 In the centre he drew a 

rotor or armature。 As each coil in turn was energised it attracted the rotor 

towards it and the rotary motion was established。 When he constructed the 

first   practical   models   he   used   eight�察  �sixteen   and   even   more   coils。   The 

simple drawing on the ground led to the design of the first induction motor 

driven directly by A。C。electricity。 

       Tesla emigrated to the U。S。A。 in 1884。 During the first year he filed 

no less than 30 patents mostly in relation to the generation and distribution 

of   A。C。    mains    electricity。   He   designed     and   built  his  `A。C。    Polyphase 

System'   which   generated   three´phase   alternating   current   at   25   Hz。   One 

particular unit delivered 422 amperes at 12��000 volts。 The beauty of this 

system was that the voltage could be stepped down using transformers for 

local use�察�or stepped up to many thousands of volts for transmission over 

long    distances     through    relatively    thin  conductors。     Edison's     generating 

stations were incapable of any such thing。 

       Tesla   signed   a   lucrative   contract   with   the   famous   railway   engineer 

George Westinghouse�察�the inventor of the Westinghouse Air Brake which 

is   used   by   most   railways   all   over   the   world   to   the   present   day。   Their 

generating station was put into service in 1895 and was called the Niagara 

Falls     Electricity    Generating       Company。       It  supplied     power      for   the 

Westinghouse   network   of   trains   and   also   for   an   industrial   complex   in 

Buffalo�察�New York。 

       After ten years Tesla began to experiment with high frequencies。 The 

Tesla Coil which he had patented in 1890 was capable of raising voltages 

to   unheard     of   levels   such    as   300��000     volts。   Edison�察   �who    was    still 

generating D。C。�察 �claimed A。C。  was dangerous   and to prove it   contracted 



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with the government to produce the first electric chair using A。C。 for the 

execution of murderers condemned to death。 When it was first used it was 

a ghastly flop。 The condemned man moaned and groaned and foamed at 

the mouth。 After four minutes of repeated appl
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