嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the dawn of amateur radio in the u[1].k.(辺咄字鴨侘議貴伏)-及23何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



ionized   gas   which   does   the   reflecting   has   a   molasses´like   viscosity。   Of 

course�察�there are daily and seasonal changes�察�but over limited periods of 

half an hour or so�察�the F layer at a given location is actually quite well´ 

behaved。 It bounces back signals in a nearly constant direction and with 

nearly     constant    amplitude        just   what    is  required    for   good    radar 

performance。 

       Over´the´horizon HF radars use the ionosphere as a kind of mirror to 

;see; around the curvature of the earth。 They have a variety of uses�察�both 



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military     and   civilian。   And    they   have   the   advantage     over   line´of´sight 

microwave radars of being able to cover enormous areas with much less 

power and at a fraction of the cost of the latter。 

       A ;relocatable; OTHR system can track aircraft targets right down to 

ground level。 In an early experiment operators were puzzled by the sudden 

disappearance from their screen of an aircraft they had been tracking as it 

taxied   along   the   ground。   They   found   out   later   that   the   reason   for   the 

disappearance was that the aircraft had gone into a metal hangar which did 

not show on the screen because it was not in motion�察�as explained below。 

       In   1979   the   United   States   Air   Force   began   experimenting   with   an 

OTHR system at a site near Bangor�察�Maine。 Because HF frequencies were 

being used the power was kept very low to minimize interference to other 

services during the early tests。 At the time of writing ��1989�� it is believed 

that   a   full´power   relocatable   OTHR   system  situated   in Virginia   is   being 

used in the anti´drug war。 

       As can be seen from the map this ROTHR can cover a vast area of 

1。6 million nautical miles�察�straddling the whole Caribbean。 The scan area 

stretches     from    the  coast    of  Colombia      in  South    America      up   through 

Nicaragua      and    Honduras      to  Florida   ��on   its  west   boundary��      and   then 

southwards through Puerto Rico�察�to Trinidad & Tobago and the northern 

coast of Venezuela。 

       But   this   vast   area   is   not   covered   continuously�察  �the   system   operator 

can   provide   surveillance   in   a   number   of   sectors   known   as   DIRs   ��dwell 

information regions��。 Each one of the 176 DIRs can be ;illuminated; for 

only   a   few   seconds   at   a   time。   Small   aircraft   and   small   vessels   can   be 

detected by an ingenious method�察�only when they move。 This is how it is 

done�此�

       At   the   receiving   site   of   the   ROTHR   system   a   very   large   antenna 

stretches     out   over   a  distance    of  8��400    feet。  It  consists   of   372   dual´ 

monopole vertical elements each 19 feet high�察�backed by a huge reflector 

screen which makes the antenna substantially unidirectional。 Each pair of 

vertical elements has its own receiver which digitizes the incoming signals。 

All the digitized signals are then fed through a fibre´optic link to a master 

signal     processor。    The    main    receiver   can    be  programmed        to  pass    on 



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;returns;   from  one   particular   region   while   eliminating   most of   the other 

returns   as   unwanted   noise   or   clutter。   But   because   the   wanted   target   is 

moving�察�while the clutter is not�察�a filtering system based on the Doppler 

Shift   principle   ��even   when   the   echo   is   only   one   or   two   Hertz   different�� 

will lock on to it and track it as long as it stays in motion。 

       Futhermore�察      �the   ROTHR       system     has   its  own     built´in   automatic 

management         &   assessment      function    and   does    not   have   to   depend    on 

external   sounding   data。   It   measures   the   ionosphere   height   continuously 

and   instantly   selects   the   most   appropriate   frequency   to   use   to   scan   the 

target area�察�ideally in one hop。 

       This automatic function uses a quasi´vertical incidence sounder ��QVI�� 

to measure the height of the ionosphere near the transmitting and receiving 

sites�察   �which     as  mentioned       earlier   can    be   miles    apart�察  �and    a  radar 

backscatter   sounder   to   measure   the   height   of   the   ionosphere   downrange 

500 to 1��800 nautical miles away。 The incoming real´time data from these 

soundings are compared with data stored in computer memory。 Once real´ 

time data are matched to a model of the ionosphere�察�the model can be used 

to   operate     the   system     for  the   best   results�察  �based     on   the   prevailing 

propagation conditions。 The data for the ionospheric models take up more 

than 200 megabytes of computer storage space。 Operators thus know when 

and     where    to   expect    degraded     performance。       Of    course�察   �strong   solar 

activity can virtually make over´the´horizon HF radar unusable。 

       A  Spectrum  Analyser   display   shows   all   the   frequencies   between   5 

and   28   MHz。   In   order   to   avoid   possible   interference   to   other   services�察�

those frequencies which are known   to be permanently allocated to  fixed 

broadcasting   and   telecommunication   stations   are   locked   out�察  �as   well   as 

frequencies which happen to be used at any instant so that they can also be 

avoided by the OTHR transmitter。 



       GLOSSARY for non´technical readers。 

     A。M。   A   mode   of   modulation   ��amplitude��。   A。R。R。L。   Amateur   Radio 

Relay League ��U。S。A。��。 Beacon Transmitter radiating identification signal。 

C。Q。 General call�察�to any station。 C。R。T。 Cathode ray tube ��like TV screen��。 



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C。W。   Continuous   wave   ��mode   of   sending   telegraphy��。   Callsign   Station 

identification   ��letters   &   numbers��。   Coherer   A   device   for   making   radio 

frequencies       audible。    DE    Morse     abbreviation      for  `from'    ��French��。    DX 

Communication   over   a   long   distance。   Detector   Any   device   for   making 

radio   frequencies   audible。   Doppler   shift   Change   in   pitch   ��of   sound��   or 

frequency of a ��radio�� wave E。D。E。S。 Initials of a war´time Greek guerrilla 

organisation。 E。E。R。 Equivalent Greek initials for R。A。A。G。 ��q。v。�� E。L。A。S。 

Initials of a war´time Greek guerrilla organisation。 E。L。F。 Extremely Low 

Frequency。   E。M。E。   Earth´moon´earth。   Also   Moonbounce   q。v。   H。H。M。S。 

His Hellenic Majesty's Ship。 Gasfet A type of transistor。 KHz Kilohertz ´ 

international unit for kilocycle。 M。U。F。 Maximum usable frequency。 MHz 

Megahertz          ´    international       unit      for    megacycle。         Moonbounce 

Communication   by   reflection   from   the   moon。   OTHR   Over´the´horizon 

radar。 Q code Abbreviations used when communicating by telegraphy。 Q1 

Unreadable。   Q2   Barely   readable   ´   only   some   words。   Q3   Readable   with 

considerable   difficulty。   Q4       Readable   with   practically   no   difficulty。   Q5 

Perfectly     readable。     QRO      High    power。    QRP     Low     power。     QRT     ;Stop 

sending;。 Frequently used for ;shut up;。 QSO Two´way communication。 

QST      Call   to  all  stations。   Also    title  of  journal    of  the   A。R。R。L。     QTH 

Location or address of a station。 R。A。A。G。 Radio Amateur Association of 

Greece。   R。F。   Radio   frequency。   R。S。G。B。   Radio   Society   of   Great   Britain。 

RST   System   of   reporting   readability�察  �strength   &   tone   of   a   signal。   RX 

Receiver。   S   unit   Unit   for   reporting   strength   of   received   signal。   S。I。   unit 

International   system   of   definitions。   SSB   Single   side´band   ´   a   mode   of 

modulation。   SWL  Room   where   radio   equipment   is   set   up。   Shack   Room 

where     radio    equipment      is  set  up。  Silent    key   Deceased      radio   amateur。 

Sporadic       E。   Propagation      via   the   E   layer    of   the   ionosphere。      T。E。P。 

Transequatorial propagation。 TX Transmitter。 Troposcatter Propagation via 

the troposphere。 U。H。F。 Ultra high frequency。 V。H。F。 Very high frequency。 

W。A。C。 Worked ��contacted�� all continents。 XYL Wife of a radio amateur。 

YL Young lady operator。 73 Morse abbreviation for ``best regards''。 Yagi A 

type of antenna designed by a Japanese of that name。 



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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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