嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

north american species of cactus(臼胆鷲繁嫺)-及1何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



                     North American Species of Cactus 



North American Species 

                      of Cactus 



                       by John M。 Coulter。 



                                       1 


´ Page 2´

                              North American Species of Cactus 



     U。S。        Department          of      AgricultureDivision           of      Botany 

CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   U。   S。   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM   Vol。 

IIINo。    2   Issued   June    10�察 �1894    Preliminary     Revision     of  the   North 

American   Species   of   Cactus�察  �Anhalonium�察  �and   Lophophora。byJohn   M。 

Coulter。     Published      by   Authority      of   the   Secretary     of   Agriculture 

WashingtonGovernment                Printing        Office1894         LETTER           OF 

TRANSMITTAL               U。    S。    Department        of    AgricultureDivision        of 

BotanyWashington�察         �D。  C。�察  �March    21�察  �1894    SIR��I   have   the   honor   to 

transmit herewith�察�for publication as Vol。 III�察�No。 2�察�of Contributions from 

the    U。  S。  National     Herbarium�察    �a  Preliminary     Revision     of  the   North 

American species of Cactus�察�Anhalonium�察�and Lophophora�察�by President 

John M。 Coulter。 Respectfully��Frederick V。 Coville��Chief of the Division 

of Botany。 Hon。 J。 Sterling Morton��Secretary of Agriculture。 



       PRELIMINARY            REVISION         OF     THE      NORTH        AMERICAN 

SPECIES         OF    CACTUS�察       �ANHALONIUM�察             �AND      LOPHOPHORA。 

Prefatory Note。 In the fall of 1890 Dr。 George Vasey�察�then Botanist of the 

Department   of   Agriculture�察  �arranged   with   me   to   prepare   a   revision   of 

North American Cactaceae。Owing to the peculiar difficulty of preserving 

material     the   family     was    poorly    represented�察    �even    in   our   leading 

herbaria。To   secure   a   large   amount   of   additional   material   in   the   way   of 

specimens and field notes the Department authorized me to visit the region 

of the Mexican boundary during the summer of 1891。Preliminary to this 

exploration      it  was  necessary    to  examine     the   Engelmann      collection   of 

Cactaceae�察     �in  the   possession     of  the   Missouri    Botanical     Garden。This 

collection�察�supplemented by the continual additions made at the garden�察�is 

by   far   the   largest   collection   of   skeletons   and   living   specimens   in   this 

country�察�and also contains the large majority of our types。 

     In   March�察   �1891�察  �I  visited   this  collection   and   made    such   notes   as 

seemed necessary for use in the field�察�and in June�察�accompanied by Mr。 W。 

H。 Evans and Mr。 G。 C。 Nealley�察�I began field work in the neighborhood of 

El Paso�察�Tex。After ten days of exploration it was necessary for me to leave 

the field work in charge of Mr。 Evans�察�who�察�with Mr。 Nealley�察�continued 



                                               2 


´ Page 3´

                              North American Species of Cactus 



work westward�察�during July and a part of August�察�to southern California�察�

along the Southern Pacific Railway。As a result a large number of complete 

plant   bodies   was   secured�察  �but   very   few   of   them   were   in   flower   and   the 

field notes indicated little besides collection stations。During the following 

fall and winter preliminary determinations of this material were made by 

Mr。 Evans。 In the fall of 1892 critical study of this and other collections 

was begun in connection with my assistants�察�Dr。 Elmon M。 Fisher and Mr。 

Edwin B。 Uline�察�who have ever since rendered constant and most import 

assistance   in   the   examination   of   material   and   bibliography�察  �which   alone 

has made the work possible in the midst of other pressing duties。 

     In the spring of 1893 these two gentlemen spent several weeks at the 

Missouri   Botanical   Garden   in   the   critical   study   of   its   rich   material�察  �and 

during   the    latter   part  of   their  stay   I  assisted   in  the   work。Dr。  William 

Trelease�察�the director of the garden�察�had hastened the arrangement of the 

Engelmann material�察�and had mounted in convenient form the large mass 

of   notes   left   by   Dr。   Engelmann。These   notes   contained   not   only   critical 

remarks upon known species�察�but also the diagnoses of many unpublished 

species   which   had   come   into   his   hands�察  �notably   those   collected   by   Mr。 

William Gabb in 1867 in Lower California。The collections that have thus 

far been studied are�此�

     ��1�� Those of the Missouri Botanical Garden�察�and thanks are especially 

due to Dr。 Trelease for his generous cooperation in the use of this material�察�

without which the work would have been impossible。 

     ��2��  Those   of   the   Department   of Agriculture�察  �including   the   results   of 

several   recent   explorations�察  �for   the   use   of   which   I   am   indebted   to   Mr。 

Frederick V。 Coville。 

     ��3�� Those of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University�察�which Dr。 B。 

L。 Robinson kindly placed at my disposal。 

     ��4�� Those of the California Academy of Sciences�察�notably rich in forms 

from Lower California and the adjacent islands�察�kindly loaned by Mr。 T。 S。 

Brandegee。 

     ��5�� Those of Dr。 Louis Eschanzier�察�of San Luis Potosi�察�Mexico�察�who 

send a large series of Mexican forms collected in 1891。 

     ��6��   Numerous       small   sets  from    different   correspondents�察     �who    have 



                                                3 


´ Page 4´

                                North American Species of Cactus 



given both time and material in aiding the work。 

     It   is   needless   to   say   that   Dr。   George   Engelmann�察  �the   great   pioneer 

student   of   this   difficult   family�察  �has   opened   the   paths   in   which   we   must 

follow�察    �and    it  was   exceedingly       unfortunate      that  he   was    not   able   to 

complete the final revision that he had in mind。 

     The difficulties which beset the critical study of this group can not be 

easily exaggerated。Such scanty material as has been collected has been for 

the most part very incomplete�察�consisting of plant bodies without flower or 

fruit�察�flower or fruit without plant bodies�察�and bunches of spines without 

either。The species are displayed also in the most inaccessible regions�察�and 

their culmination is found in the still poorly known regions of Mexico。 

     On   account   of   their   singular   forms   and   often   brilliant   flowers   they 

have     long    been    extensively      cultivated�察    �especially     in   Europe。     These 

cultivated forms have formed the basis of original descriptions in almost 

all   of   the   European   publications�察  �and   in   very   rare   cases   have   any   types 

been preserved。As a result�察�the bibliography of Cactaceae is appalling�察�and 

it is questionable whether satisfactory  conclusions can be reached in   the 

case   of   hundreds   of   published   names。The   earlier   descriptions   were   not 

only meager�察�but were based upon what are now regarded very insufficient 

characters�察�and in the absence of types it is not only unsafe�察�but impossible 

to   venture   an   opinion   concerning   their   identity。In   view   of   these   facts�察  �I 

have   thought   it   advisable   to   present   a   preliminary   revision   of   the   order�察�

which      shall   contain    the   results   of   the   study    of  material     confessedly 

insufficient。With   such   knowledge   as   we   possess   brought   together�察  �it   is 

hoped that the study of this very interesting and much neglected group will 

be    stimulated�察    �and   that   more    critical   exploration     of   our   southwestern 

territory and adjacent Mexico will make a more satisfactory presentation 

possible。It would be useless to notice the vast number of reputed species 

that are not represented by actual specimens in our possession。 

     In   the   proposed      preliminary      account     of  the   family�察   �of  which     the 

present paper is the first part�察�only those genera are considered which form 

a   part   of   the   flora   of   the   United   States�察  �and   those   species   which   I   have 

been able to examine and to identify with reasonable certainty。All forms 

credited to the United States have been studied�察�and the account of these 



                                                  4 


´ Page 5´

                              North American Species of Cactus 



species   may   be   considered   fairly   complete�察  �but   the   far   more   numerous 

Mexican species are but scantily represented。The Mexican boundary is so 

unnatural a dividing line in the distribution of Cactaceae that it has been 

disregarded�察  �and   all   the   species   studied   have   been   arranged   in   a   lineal 

series of uniform prominence。So far as known the subject of geographical 

distribution     is  considered�察    �but   it  will  be   seen    how    meager     is  our 

knowledge       of   this   subject。It   is  to   be   hoped    that   this   preliminary 

presentation will provoke exploration and study�察�and that species will not 

only   be   collected�察  �but   all   the   facts   of   their   distribution   noted。It   is   more 

than   probable   that   our   present   notion   of   species   in   this   group   must   be 

much modified�察�and doubtless many forms are at present kept specifically 

distinct which will prove to be but different phases of a single species。 

     In the matter of generic delimitation we are in still greater uncertainty�察�

and several generic lines at present recognized must be regarded as purely 

arbitrary�察  �a   fact   which   must   become   still   more   evident   with   additional 

material。The      whole     group    is  to  be  regarded     as  made     up   of  poor
卦指朕村 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��