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memoirs of napoleon bonaparte, v10-及14何蛍

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of his health�察�to which certainly the climate of Holland was not
favourable�察�but Bonaparte sternly replied to his remonstrance�察 �It is
better to die a king than live a prince。;  He was then obliged to accept
the crown。  He went to Holland accompanied by Hortense�察�who�察�however�察�did
mot stay long there。  The new King wanted to make himself beloved by his
subjects�察�and as they were an entirely commercial people the best way to
win their affections was not to adopt Napoleon's rigid laws against
commercial intercourse with England。  Hence the first coolness between
the two brothers�察�which ended in the abdication of Louis。

I know not whether Napoleon recollected the motive assigned by Louis for
at first refusing the crown of Holland�察�namely�察�the climate of the
country�察�or whether he calculated upon greater submission in another of
his brothers�察�but this is certain�察�that Joseph was not called from the
throne of Naples to the throne of Spain until after the refusal of Louis。
I have in my possession a copy of a letter written to him by Napoleon on
the subject。  It is without date of time or place�察�but its contents prove
it to have been written in March or April 1808。  It is as follows��

     BROTHER��The King of Spain�察�Charles IV。�察�has just abdicated。  The
     Spanish people loudly appeal to me。  Certain of obtaining no solid
     peace with England unless I cause a great movement on the Continent��
     I have determined to place a French King on the throne of Spain。
     The climate of Holland does not agree with you�察�besides�察�Holland
     cannot rise from her rains。  In the whirlwind of events�察�whether we
     have peace or not�察�there is no possibility of her maintaining
     herself。  In this state of things I have thought of the throne of
     Spain for you。  Give me your opinions categorically on this measure。
     If I were to name you King of Spain would you accept the offer�拭�May
     I count on you�拭 �Answer me these two questions。  Say�察 �I have
     received your letter of such a day�察�I answer Yes�察─�and then I shall
     count on your doing what I wish�察�or say ;No; if you decline my
     proposal。  Let no one enter into your confidence�察�and mention to no
     one the object of this letter。  The thing must be done before we
     confess having thought about it。

                                   ��signed�� NAPOLEON。

Before finally seizing Holland Napoleon formed the project of separating
Brabant and Zealand from it in exchange for other provinces�察�the
possession of which was doubtful�察�but Louis successfully resisted this
first act of usurpation。  Bonaparte was�察�too intent on the great business
in Spain to risk any commotion in the north�察�where the declaration of
Russia against Sweden already sufficiently occupied him。  He therefore
did not insist upon�察�and even affected indifference to�察�the proposed
augmentation of the territory of the Empire。  This at least may be
collected from another letter�察�dated St。 Cloud�察�17th August�察�written upon
hearing from M。 Alexandre de la Rochefoucauld�察�his Ambassador in Holland��
and from his brother himself�察�the opposition of Louis to his project。

The letter was as follows��

     BROTHERI have received your letter relating to that of the Sieur
     de la Rochefoucauld。  He was only authorised to make the proposals
     indirectly。  Since the exchange does not please you�察�let us think no
     more about it。  It was useless to make a parade of principles��
     though I never said that you ought not to consult the nation。  The
     well´informed part of the Dutch people had already acknowledged
     their indifference to the loss of Brabant�察�which is connected with
     France rather than with Holland�察�and interspersed with expensive
     fortresses�察�it might have been advantageously exchanged for the
     northern provinces。  But�察�once for all�察�since you do not like this
     arrangement�察�let no more be said about it。  It was useless even to
     mention it to me�察�for the Sieur de la Rochefoucauld was instructed
     merely to hint the matter。

Though ill´humour here evidently peeps out beneath affected
condescension�察�yet the tone of this letter is singularly moderate��I may
even say kind�察�in comparison with other letters which Napoleon addressed
to Louis。  This letter�察�it is true�察�was written previously to the
interview at Erfurt�察�when Napoleon�察�to avoid alarming Russia�察�made his
ambition appear to slumber。  But when he got his brother Joseph
recognised�察�and when he had himself struck an important blow in the
Peninsula�察�he began to change his tone to Louis。  On the 20th of December
he wrote a very remarkable letter�察�which exhibits the unreserved
expression of that tyranny which he wished to exercise over all his
family in order to make them the instruments of his despotism。  He
reproached Louis for not following his system of policy�察�telling him that
he had forgotten he was a Frenchman�察�and that he wished to become a
Dutchman。  Among other things he said��

     Your Majesty has done more�此�you took advantage of the moment when I
     was involved in the affairs of the Continent to renew the relations
     between Holland and Englandto violate the laws of the blockade��
     which are the only means of effectually destroying the latter power。
     I expressed my dissatisfaction by forbidding you to come to France��
     and I have made you feel that even without the assistance of my
     armies�察�by merely closing the Rhine�察�the Weser�察�the Scheldt�察�and the
     Meuse against Holland�察�I should have placed her in a situation more
     critical than if I had declared war against her。  Your Majesty
     implored my generosity�察�appealed to my feelings as brother�察�and
     promised to alter your conduct。  I thought this warning would be
     sufficient。  I raised my custom´house prohibitions�察�but your Majesty
     has returned to your old system。

     Your Majesty received all the American ships that presented
     themselves in the ports of Holland after having been expelled from
     those of France。  I have been obliged a second time to prohibit
     trade with Holland。  In this state of things we may consider
     ourselves really at war。  In my speech to the Legislative Body I
     manifested my displeasure�察�for I will not conceal from you that my
     intention is to unite Holland with France。  This will be the most
     severe blow I can aim against England�察�and will deliver me from the
     perpetual insults which the plotters of your Cabinet are constantly
     directing against me。  The mouths of the Rhine and of the Meuse
     ought�察�indeed�察�to belong to me。  The principle that the 'Thalweg'
     ��towing´path�� of the Rhine is the boundary of France is a
     fundamental principle。  Your Majesty writes to me on the 17th that
     you are sure of being able to prevent all trade between Holland and
     England。  I am of opinion that your Majesty promises more than
     you can fulfil。  I shall�察�however�察�remove my custom´house
     prohibitions whenever the existing treaties may be executed。  The
     following are my conditions��First�察�The interdiction of all trade
     and communication with England。  Second�察�The supply of a fleet of
     fourteen sail´of the line�察�seven frigates and seven brigs or
     corvettes�察�armed and manned。  Third�察�An army of 25��000 men。  Fourth��
     The suppression of the rank of marshals。  Fifth�察�The abolition of
     all the privileges of nobility which are contrary to the
     constitution which I have given and guaranteed。  Your Majesty may
     negotiate on these bases with the Due de Cadore�察�through the medium
     of your Minister�察�but be assured that on the entrance of the first
     packetboat into Holland I will restore my prohibitions�察�and that the
     first Dutch officer who may presume to insult my flag shall be
     seized�察�and hanged at the mainyard。  Your Majesty will find in me a
     brother if you prove yourself a Frenchman�察�but if yon forget the
     sentiments which attach you to our common country you cannot think
     it extraordinary that I should lose sight of those which nature
     created between us。  In short�察�the union of Holland and France will
     be of all things�察�most useful to France�察�to Holland�察�and the whole
     Continent�察�because it will be most injurious to England。  This union
     must be effected willingly or by force。  Holland has given me
     sufficient reason to declare war against her。  However�察�I shall not
     scruple to consent to an arrangement which will secure to me the
     limit of the Rhine�察�and by which Holland will pledge herself to
     fulfil the conditions stipulated above。

          ��Much of the manner in which Napoleon treated occupied
          countries such as Holland is explained by the spirit of his
          answer when Beugnot complained to him of the harm done to the
          Grand Duchy of Berg by the monopoly of tobacco。  ;It is
          extraordinary that you should not have discovered the motive
          that makes me persist in the establishment of the monopoly of
          tobacco in the Grand Duchy。  The question is not about your
          Grand Duchy but about France。  I am very well aware that it is
          not to your benefit�察�and that you very possibly lose by it�察�but
          what does that signify if it be for the good of France�拭 �I tell
          you�察�then�察�that in every country where there is a monopoly of
          tobacco�察�but which is contiguous to one where the sale is free��
          a regular smuggling infiltration must be reckoned on�察�supplying
          the consumption for twenty or twenty´five miles into the
          country subject to the duty。  That is what I intend to preserve
          France from。  You must protect yourselves as well as yon can
          from this infiltration。  It is enough for me to drive it back
          more than twenty or twenty´five mites from my frontier
          ��Beugnot�察�vol。  ii。  p。  26��。��

Here the correspondence between the two brothers was suspended for a
time�察�but Louis still continued exposed to new vexations on the part of
Napoleon。  About the end of 1809 the Emperor summoned all the sov
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