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                  A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2 



A Theologico´Political 

           Treatise Part 2 



                        Chapters VI to X 

                         Baruch Spinoza 



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                            A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2 



                   CHAPTER VI。                               ´       OF 

                              MIRACLES。 



     ��1��   As   men    are  accustomed      to  call  Divine    the   knowledge      which 

transcends human understanding�察�so also do they style Divine�察�or the work 

of   God�察  �anything   of   which   the   cause   is   not   generally   known�此  �for   the 

masses   think   that    the   power   and   providence     of   God   are   most   clearly 

displayed by events that are extraordinary and contrary to the conception 

they have formed of nature�察�especially if such events bring them any profit 

or   convenience�此     �they   think   that  the   clearest   possible   proof    of  God's 

existence is afforded when nature�察�as they suppose�察�breaks her accustomed 

order�察�and consequently they believe that those who explain or endeavour 

to   understand   phenomena   or   miracles   through   their   natural   causes   are 

doing away with God and His providence。 ��2�� They suppose�察�forsooth�察�that 

God is inactive so long as nature works in her accustomed order�察�and vice 

versa�察�that the power of nature and natural causes are idle so long as God 

is   acting�此�thus   they  imagine  two   powers distinct   one  from  the  other�察  �the 

power   of   God   and   the   power   of   nature�察  �though   the   latter   is   in   a   sense 

determined by God�察�or ��as most people believe now�� created by Him。 ��3�� 

What they mean by either�察�and what they understand by God and nature 

they do not know�察�except that they imagine the power of God to be like 

that   of   some   royal   potentate�察  �and   nature's   power   to   consist   in   force   and 

energy。 

     ��4�� The masses then style unusual phenomena�察 �miracles�察─�and partly 

from piety�察�partly for the sake of opposing the students of science�察�prefer 

to remain in ignorance of natural causes�察�and only to hear of those things 

which   they   know   least�察  �and   consequently   admire   most。   ��5��   In   fact�察  �the 

common people can only adore God�察�and refer all things to His power by 

removing natural causes�察�and conceiving things happening out of their due 

course�察�and only admires the power of God when the power of nature is 

conceived of as in subjection to it。 

     ��6�� This idea seems to have taken its rise among the early Jews who 

saw the Gentiles round them worshipping visible gods such as the sun�察�the 



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moon�察�the earth�察�water�察�air�察�&c。�察�and in order to inspire the conviction that 

such   divinities   were   weak   and   inconstant�察  �or   changeable�察  �told   how   they 

themselves   were   under   the   sway   of   an   invisible   God�察  �and   narrated   their 

miracles�察  �trying   further   to      show     that   the   God   whom   they      worshipped 

arranged      the   whole     of  nature    for   their   sole   benefit�此  �this   idea   was    so 

pleasing to   humanity  that   men   go   on to   this   day  imagining   miracles�察  �so 

that they may believe themselves God's favourites�察�and the final cause for 

which God created and directs all things。 

     ��7�� What pretension   will   not   people  in   their   folly  advance�  。�8�� They 

have no single sound idea concerning either God or nature�察�they confound 

God's decrees with human decrees�察�they conceive nature as so limited that 

they   believe   man   to   be   its   chief   part�   。�9��   I   have   spent   enough   space   in 

setting   forth   these   common   ideas   and   prejudices   concerning   nature   and 

miracles�察�but in order to afford a regular demonstration I will show ´ 

     ��10��   I。   That   nature   cannot   be   contravened�察  �but   that   she   preserves   a 

fixed   and   immutable   order�察  �and   at   the   same   time   I   will   explain   what   is 

meant by a miracle。 

     ��11��     II。  That    God's     nature    and    existence�察    �and    consequently       His 

providence cannot be known from miracles�察�but that they can all be much 

better perceived from the fixed and immutable order of nature。 

     ��12��    III。  That    by   the   decrees     and   volitions�察   �and    consequently       the 

providence   of   God�察  �Scripture   ��as   I   will   prove   by   Scriptural   examples�� 

means   nothing   but   nature's   order   following   necessarily   from   her   eternal 

laws。 

     ��13��   IV。   Lastly�察  �I   will   treat   of   the   method   of   interpreting   Scriptural 

miracles�察  �and   the   chief   points   to   be   noted   concerning   the   narratives   of 

them。 

     ��14��   Such   are   the   principal   subjects   which   will   be   discussed   in   this 

chapter�察�and which will serve�察�I think�察�not a little to further the object of 

this treatise。 

     ��15�� Our first point is easily proved from what we showed in Chap。 IV。 

about Divine law ´ namely�察�that all that God wishes or determines involves 

eternal necessity�察�and truth�察�for we demonstrated that God's understanding 

is identical with His will�察�and that it is the same thing to say that God wills 



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a thing�察�as to say�察�that He understands it�察�hence�察�as it follows necessarily�察�

from the Divine nature and perfection that God understands a thing as it is�察�

it follows no less necessarily that He wills it as it is。 ��16�� Now�察�as nothing 

is necessarily true save only by�察�Divine decree�察�it is plain that the universal 

laws     of  nature    are   decrees    of  God    following     from    the   necessity    and 

perfection of the Divine nature。 ��17�� Hence�察�any event happening in nature 

which      contravened       nature's     universal     laws�察   �would     necessarily      also 

contravene   the   Divine   decree�察  �nature�察  �and   understanding�察  �or   if   anyone 

asserted that God acts in contravention to the laws of nature�察�he�察�ipso facto�察�

would be compelled to assert that God acted against His own nature ´ an 

evident absurdity。 ��18�� One might easily show from the same premises that 

the power and efficiency�察�of nature are in themselves the Divine power and 

efficiency�察�and that the Divine power is the very essence of God�察�but this I 

gladly pass over for the present。 

     ��19�� Nothing�察�then�察�comes to pass in nature ��N。B。 I do not mean here 

by ;nature�察─�merely matter and its modifications�察�but infinite other things 

besides   matter。��   in   contravention   to   her   universal   laws�察  �nay�察  �everything 

agrees with them and follows from them�察�for whatsoever comes to pass�察�

comes to pass by the will and eternal decree of God�察�that is�察�as we have 

just pointed out�察�whatever comes to pass�察�comes to pass according to laws 

and   rules    which     involve   eternal    necessity   and     truth�察 �nature�察   �therefore�察�

always observes laws and rules which involve eternal necessity�察�and truth�察�

although they may not all be known to us�察�and therefore she keeps a fixed 

and   mutable   order。   ��20��   Nor   is   there   any   sound   reason   for   limiting   the 

power and efficacy of nature�察�and asserting that her laws are fit for certain 

purposes�察�but not for all�察�for as the efficacy�察�and power of nature�察�are the 

very�察�efficacy and power of God�察�and as the laws and rules of nature are 

the   decrees   of   God�察  �it   is   in   every   way   to   be   believed   that   the   power   of 

nature     is  infinite�察  �and    that   her   laws    are   broad    enough     to   embrace 

everything   conceived   by�察  �the   Divine   intellect�察  �the   only   alternative   is   to 

assert that God has created nature so weak�察�and has ordained for her laws 

so barren�察�that He is repeatedly compelled to come afresh to her aid if He 

wishes that she should be preserved�察�and that things should happen as He 

desires�此�a conclusion�察�in My opinion�察�very far removed from reason。 ��21�� 



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                              A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2 



Further�察�as nothing happens in nature which does not follow from her laws�察�

and as her laws embrace everything conceived by the Divine intellect�察�and 

lastly�察  �as   nature   preserves   a   fixed   and   immutable   order�察  �it   most   clearly 

follows that miracles are only intelligible as in relation to human opinions�察�

and merely mean events of which the natural cause cannot be explained by 

a reference to any ordinary occurrence�察�either by us�察�or at any rate�察�by the 

writer and narrator of the miracle。 

     ��22�� We may�察�in fact�察�say that a miracle is an event of which the causes 

annot be explained by the natural reason through a reference to ascertained 

workings   of   nature�察  �but   since   miracles   were   wrought   according   to   the 

understanding of the masses�察�who are wholly ignorant of the workings of 

nature�察�it is certain that the ancients took for a miracle whatever they could 

not explain by the method adopted by the unlearned in such cases�察�namely�察�

an    appeal    to  the   memory�察     �a  recalling    of  something      similar�察  �which     is 

ordinarily      regarded      without      wonder�察     �for   most     people     think    they 

sufficiently understand a thing when they have ceased to wonder at it。 ��23�� 

The   ancients�察  �then�察  �and   indeed   most   men   up   to   the   present   day�察  �had   no 

other criterion for a miracle�察�hence we cannot doubt that many things are 
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