嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及1何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
A Theologico´Political
Treatise Part 2
Chapters VI to X
Baruch Spinoza
1
´ Page 2´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
CHAPTER VI。 ´ OF
MIRACLES。
��1�� As men are accustomed to call Divine the knowledge which
transcends human understanding�察�so also do they style Divine�察�or the work
of God�察 �anything of which the cause is not generally known�此 �for the
masses think that the power and providence of God are most clearly
displayed by events that are extraordinary and contrary to the conception
they have formed of nature�察�especially if such events bring them any profit
or convenience�此 �they think that the clearest possible proof of God's
existence is afforded when nature�察�as they suppose�察�breaks her accustomed
order�察�and consequently they believe that those who explain or endeavour
to understand phenomena or miracles through their natural causes are
doing away with God and His providence。 ��2�� They suppose�察�forsooth�察�that
God is inactive so long as nature works in her accustomed order�察�and vice
versa�察�that the power of nature and natural causes are idle so long as God
is acting�此�thus they imagine two powers distinct one from the other�察 �the
power of God and the power of nature�察 �though the latter is in a sense
determined by God�察�or ��as most people believe now�� created by Him。 ��3��
What they mean by either�察�and what they understand by God and nature
they do not know�察�except that they imagine the power of God to be like
that of some royal potentate�察 �and nature's power to consist in force and
energy。
��4�� The masses then style unusual phenomena�察 �miracles�察─�and partly
from piety�察�partly for the sake of opposing the students of science�察�prefer
to remain in ignorance of natural causes�察�and only to hear of those things
which they know least�察 �and consequently admire most。 ��5�� In fact�察 �the
common people can only adore God�察�and refer all things to His power by
removing natural causes�察�and conceiving things happening out of their due
course�察�and only admires the power of God when the power of nature is
conceived of as in subjection to it。
��6�� This idea seems to have taken its rise among the early Jews who
saw the Gentiles round them worshipping visible gods such as the sun�察�the
2
´ Page 3´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
moon�察�the earth�察�water�察�air�察�&c。�察�and in order to inspire the conviction that
such divinities were weak and inconstant�察 �or changeable�察 �told how they
themselves were under the sway of an invisible God�察 �and narrated their
miracles�察 �trying further to show that the God whom they worshipped
arranged the whole of nature for their sole benefit�此 �this idea was so
pleasing to humanity that men go on to this day imagining miracles�察 �so
that they may believe themselves God's favourites�察�and the final cause for
which God created and directs all things。
��7�� What pretension will not people in their folly advance� 。�8�� They
have no single sound idea concerning either God or nature�察�they confound
God's decrees with human decrees�察�they conceive nature as so limited that
they believe man to be its chief part� 。�9�� I have spent enough space in
setting forth these common ideas and prejudices concerning nature and
miracles�察�but in order to afford a regular demonstration I will show ´
��10�� I。 That nature cannot be contravened�察 �but that she preserves a
fixed and immutable order�察 �and at the same time I will explain what is
meant by a miracle。
��11�� II。 That God's nature and existence�察 �and consequently His
providence cannot be known from miracles�察�but that they can all be much
better perceived from the fixed and immutable order of nature。
��12�� III。 That by the decrees and volitions�察 �and consequently the
providence of God�察 �Scripture ��as I will prove by Scriptural examples��
means nothing but nature's order following necessarily from her eternal
laws。
��13�� IV。 Lastly�察 �I will treat of the method of interpreting Scriptural
miracles�察 �and the chief points to be noted concerning the narratives of
them。
��14�� Such are the principal subjects which will be discussed in this
chapter�察�and which will serve�察�I think�察�not a little to further the object of
this treatise。
��15�� Our first point is easily proved from what we showed in Chap。 IV。
about Divine law ´ namely�察�that all that God wishes or determines involves
eternal necessity�察�and truth�察�for we demonstrated that God's understanding
is identical with His will�察�and that it is the same thing to say that God wills
3
´ Page 4´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
a thing�察�as to say�察�that He understands it�察�hence�察�as it follows necessarily�察�
from the Divine nature and perfection that God understands a thing as it is�察�
it follows no less necessarily that He wills it as it is。 ��16�� Now�察�as nothing
is necessarily true save only by�察�Divine decree�察�it is plain that the universal
laws of nature are decrees of God following from the necessity and
perfection of the Divine nature。 ��17�� Hence�察�any event happening in nature
which contravened nature's universal laws�察 �would necessarily also
contravene the Divine decree�察 �nature�察 �and understanding�察 �or if anyone
asserted that God acts in contravention to the laws of nature�察�he�察�ipso facto�察�
would be compelled to assert that God acted against His own nature ´ an
evident absurdity。 ��18�� One might easily show from the same premises that
the power and efficiency�察�of nature are in themselves the Divine power and
efficiency�察�and that the Divine power is the very essence of God�察�but this I
gladly pass over for the present。
��19�� Nothing�察�then�察�comes to pass in nature ��N。B。 I do not mean here
by ;nature�察─�merely matter and its modifications�察�but infinite other things
besides matter。�� in contravention to her universal laws�察 �nay�察 �everything
agrees with them and follows from them�察�for whatsoever comes to pass�察�
comes to pass by the will and eternal decree of God�察�that is�察�as we have
just pointed out�察�whatever comes to pass�察�comes to pass according to laws
and rules which involve eternal necessity and truth�察 �nature�察 �therefore�察�
always observes laws and rules which involve eternal necessity�察�and truth�察�
although they may not all be known to us�察�and therefore she keeps a fixed
and mutable order。 ��20�� Nor is there any sound reason for limiting the
power and efficacy of nature�察�and asserting that her laws are fit for certain
purposes�察�but not for all�察�for as the efficacy�察�and power of nature�察�are the
very�察�efficacy and power of God�察�and as the laws and rules of nature are
the decrees of God�察 �it is in every way to be believed that the power of
nature is infinite�察 �and that her laws are broad enough to embrace
everything conceived by�察 �the Divine intellect�察 �the only alternative is to
assert that God has created nature so weak�察�and has ordained for her laws
so barren�察�that He is repeatedly compelled to come afresh to her aid if He
wishes that she should be preserved�察�and that things should happen as He
desires�此�a conclusion�察�in My opinion�察�very far removed from reason。 ��21��
4
´ Page 5´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
Further�察�as nothing happens in nature which does not follow from her laws�察�
and as her laws embrace everything conceived by the Divine intellect�察�and
lastly�察 �as nature preserves a fixed and immutable order�察 �it most clearly
follows that miracles are only intelligible as in relation to human opinions�察�
and merely mean events of which the natural cause cannot be explained by
a reference to any ordinary occurrence�察�either by us�察�or at any rate�察�by the
writer and narrator of the miracle。
��22�� We may�察�in fact�察�say that a miracle is an event of which the causes
annot be explained by the natural reason through a reference to ascertained
workings of nature�察 �but since miracles were wrought according to the
understanding of the masses�察�who are wholly ignorant of the workings of
nature�察�it is certain that the ancients took for a miracle whatever they could
not explain by the method adopted by the unlearned in such cases�察�namely�察�
an appeal to the memory�察 �a recalling of something similar�察 �which is
ordinarily regarded without wonder�察 �for most people think they
sufficiently understand a thing when they have ceased to wonder at it。 ��23��
The ancients�察 �then�察 �and indeed most men up to the present day�察 �had no
other criterion for a miracle�察�hence we cannot doubt that many things are
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��