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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及2何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



other criterion for a miracle�察�hence we cannot doubt that many things are 

narrated   in   Scripture   as   miracles   of   which   the   causes   could   easily   be 

explained   by   reference   to   ascertained   workings   of   nature。   ��24��   We   have 

hinted   as   much   in   Chap。   II。�察  �in   speaking   of   the   sun   standing   still   in   the 

time   of   Joshua�察 �and   to  say  on the subject   when   we   come   to   treat of   the 

interpretation of miracles later on in this chapter。 

     ��25�� It is now time to pass on to the second point�察�and show that we 

cannot gain an understanding of God's essence�察�existence�察�or providence 

by   means   of   miracles�察  �but   that   these   truths   are   much   better   perceived 

through the fixed and immutable order of nature。 ��26�� I thus proceed with 

the demonstration。 ��27�� As God's existence is not self´evident ��6�� it must 

necessarily be inferred from ideas so firmly and incontrovertibly true�察�that 

no power can be postulated or conceived sufficient to impugn them。 ��28�� 

They ought certainly so to appear to us when we infer from them God's 

existence�察�if we wish to place our conclusion beyond the reach of doubt�察�

for if we could conceive that such ideas could be impugned by any power 

whatsoever�察      �we   should     doubt    of  their   truth�察 �we    should    doubt    of  our 



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conclusion�察  �namely�察  �of   God's   existence�察  �and   should   never   be   able   to   be 

certain of anything。 ��29�� Further�察�we know that nothing either agrees with 

or   is  contrary   to   nature�察  �unless    it   agrees  with   or  is   contrary   to  these 

primary   ideas�察  �wherefore   if   we   would   conceive   that   anything   could   be 

done in nature by any power whatsoever which would be contrary to the 

laws   of   nature�察  �it   would   also   be   contrary   to   our   primary   ideas�察  �and   we 

should   have   either   to   reject   it   as   absurd�察  �or   else   to   cast   doubt   ��as   just 

shown�� on our primary ideas�察�and consequently on the existence of God�察�

and   on   everything   howsoever   perceived。   ��30��   Therefore   miracles�察  �in   the 

sense of events contrary to the laws of nature�察�so far from demonstrating to 

us the existence of God�察�would�察�on the contrary�察�lead us to doubt it�察�where�察�

otherwise�察  �we   might   have   been   absolutely   certain   of   it�察  �as   knowing   that 

nature follows a fixed and immutable order。 

     ��31��  Let   us   take   miracle  as   meaning   that   which   cannot be   explained 

through natural causes。 ��32�� This may be interpreted in two senses�此�either 

as that   which has   natural   causes�察 �but cannot be   examined   by  the human 

intellect�察�or as that which has no cause save God and God's will。 ��33�� But 

as all things which come to pass through natural causes�察�come to pass also 

solely through the will and power of God�察�it comes to this�察�that a miracle�察�

whether it has natural causes or not�察�is a result which cannot be explained 

by its cause�察�that is a phenomenon which surpasses human understanding�察�

but from such a phenomenon�察�and certainly from a result surpassing our 

understanding�察      �we    can   gain   no   knowledge。       ��34��   For   whatsoever      we 

understand clearly and distinctly should be plain to us either in itself or by 

means of something else clearly and distinctly understood�察�wherefore from 

a miracle or a phenomenon which we cannot understand�察�we can gain no 

knowledge of God's essence�察�or existence�察�or indeed anything about God 

or nature�察�whereas when we know that all things are ordained and ratified 

by God�察�that the operations of nature follow from the essence of God�察�and 

that the laws of nature are eternal decrees and volitions of God�察�we must 

perforce conclude that our knowledge of God�察�and of God's will increases 

in proportion to our knowledge and clear understanding of nature�察�as we 

see how she depends on her primal cause�察�and how she works according to 

eternal    law。   ��35��   Wherefore      so   far  as   our  understanding       goes�察  �those 



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phenomena which we clearly and distinctly understand have much better 

right to be called works of God�察�and to be referred to the will of God than 

those     about    which     we    are    entirely    ignorant�察   �although      they   appeal 

powerfully to the imagination�察�and compel men's admiration。 

     ��36��   It   is   only   phenomena   that   we   clearly   and   distinctly   understand�察�

which heighten our knowledge of God�察�and most clearly indicate His will 

and   decrees。   ��37��   Plainly�察  �they   are   but   triflers   who�察  �when   they   cannot 

explain a thing�察�run back to the will of God�察�this is�察�truly�察�a ridiculous way 

of expressing ignorance。 ��38�� Again�察�even supposing that some conclusion 

could be drawn from miracles�察�we could not possibly infer from them the 

existence   of   God�此  �for   a   miracle   being   an   event   under   limitations   is   the 

expression of a fixed and limited power�察�therefore we could not possibly 

infer from an effect of this kind the existence of a cause whose power is 

infinite�察�but at the utmost only of a cause whose power is greater than that 

of the said effect。 ��39�� I say at the utmost�察�for a phenomenon may be the 

result   of   many   concurrent   causes�察  �and   its   power   may   be   less   than   the 

power of the sum of such causes�察�but far greater than that of any one of 

them taken individually。 ��40�� On the other hand�察�the laws of nature�察�as we 

have   shown�察  �extend   over   infinity�察  �and   are   conceived   by   us   as�察  �after   a 

fashion�察�eternal�察�and nature works in accordance with them in a fixed and 

immutable order�察�therefore�察�such laws indicate to us in a certain degree the 

infinity�察�the eternity�察�and the immutability of God。 

     ��40��   We   may   conclude�察  �then�察  �that   we   cannot   gain   knowledge   of   the 

existence and providence of God by means of miracles�察�but that we can far 

better infer them from the fixed and immutable order of nature。 ��41�� By 

miracle�察�I here mean an event which surpasses�察�or is thought to surpass�察�

human      comprehension�此        �for  in  so   far  as   it  is  supposed     to  destroy    or 

interrupt   the   order   of   nature    or   her   laws�察  �it   not  only   can   give   us  no 

knowledge of God�察�but�察�contrariwise�察�takes away that which we naturally 

have�察�and makes us doubt of God and everything else。 

     ��42��   Neither   do   I   recognize   any  difference   between an   event   against 

the    laws   of   nature   and    an  event    beyond     the   laws   of   nature   ��that   is�察�

according to some�察�an event which does not contravene nature�察�though she 

is inadequate to produce or effect it�� ´ for a miracle is wrought in�察�and not 



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beyond   nature�察  �though   it   may   be   said   in   itself   to   be   above   nature�察  �and�察�

therefore�察�must necessarily interrupt the order of nature�察�which otherwise 

we conceive of as fixed and unchangeable�察�according to God's decrees。 ��43�� 

If�察  �therefore�察   �anything    should     come    to   pass  in  nature   which     does    not 

follow from her laws�察�it would also be in contravention to the order which 

God has established   in nature for  ever through universal   natural laws�此�it 

would�察     �therefore�察   �be  in   contravention      to  God's    nature    and   laws�察   �and�察�

consequently�察�belief in it would throw doubt upon everything�察�and lead to 

Atheism。 

     ��44��   I   think   I   have   now  sufficiently  established   my   second   point�察  �so 

that we can again conclude that a miracle�察�whether in contravention to�察�or 

beyond�察�nature�察�is a mere absurdity�察�and�察�therefore�察�that what is meant in 

Scripture by a miracle can only be a work of nature�察�which surpasses�察�or is 

believed to surpass�察�human comprehension。 ��45�� Before passing on to my 

third   point�察  �I   will   adduce   Scriptural   authority   for   my   assertion   that   God 

cannot be known from miracles。 ��46�� Scripture nowhere states the doctrine 

openly�察�but it can readily be inferred from several passages。 ��47�� Firstly�察�

that in which Moses commands ��Deut。 xiii。�� that a false prophet should be 

put   to   death�察  �even   though   he   work   miracles�此   �If   there   arise   a   prophet 

among   you�察  �and   giveth   thee   a   sign   or   wonder�察  �and   the   sign   or   wonder 

come to pass�察�saying�察�Let us go after other gods 。 。 。 thou shalt not hearken 

unto the voice of that prophet�察�for the Lord your God proveth you�察�and that 

prophet     shall   be   put   to  death。;   ��48��   From   this    it  clearly   follows    that 

miracles   could be   wrought   even by  false prophets�察  �and   that�察 �unless   men 

are honestly endowed with the true knowledge and love of God�察�they may 

be as easily led by miracles to follow false gods as to follow the true God�察�

for these words are added�此   �For the Lord your   God tempts you�察�that   He 

may   know   whether   you   love   Him   with   all   your   heart   and   with   all   your 

mind。; 

     ��49�� Further�察�the Israelites�察�from all their miracles�察�were unable to form 

a   sound   conception   of   God�察  �as   their   experience   testified�此  �for   when   they 

had   persuaded   themselves   that   Moses   had   departed   from   among   them�察�

they petitioned Aaron to give them visible gods�察�and the idea of God they 

had formed as the result of all their miracles was ´ a calf� �



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