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other criterion for a miracle�察�hence we cannot doubt that many things are
narrated in Scripture as miracles of which the causes could easily be
explained by reference to ascertained workings of nature。 ��24�� We have
hinted as much in Chap。 II。�察 �in speaking of the sun standing still in the
time of Joshua�察 �and to say on the subject when we come to treat of the
interpretation of miracles later on in this chapter。
��25�� It is now time to pass on to the second point�察�and show that we
cannot gain an understanding of God's essence�察�existence�察�or providence
by means of miracles�察 �but that these truths are much better perceived
through the fixed and immutable order of nature。 ��26�� I thus proceed with
the demonstration。 ��27�� As God's existence is not self´evident ��6�� it must
necessarily be inferred from ideas so firmly and incontrovertibly true�察�that
no power can be postulated or conceived sufficient to impugn them。 ��28��
They ought certainly so to appear to us when we infer from them God's
existence�察�if we wish to place our conclusion beyond the reach of doubt�察�
for if we could conceive that such ideas could be impugned by any power
whatsoever�察 �we should doubt of their truth�察 �we should doubt of our
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conclusion�察 �namely�察 �of God's existence�察 �and should never be able to be
certain of anything。 ��29�� Further�察�we know that nothing either agrees with
or is contrary to nature�察 �unless it agrees with or is contrary to these
primary ideas�察 �wherefore if we would conceive that anything could be
done in nature by any power whatsoever which would be contrary to the
laws of nature�察 �it would also be contrary to our primary ideas�察 �and we
should have either to reject it as absurd�察 �or else to cast doubt ��as just
shown�� on our primary ideas�察�and consequently on the existence of God�察�
and on everything howsoever perceived。 ��30�� Therefore miracles�察 �in the
sense of events contrary to the laws of nature�察�so far from demonstrating to
us the existence of God�察�would�察�on the contrary�察�lead us to doubt it�察�where�察�
otherwise�察 �we might have been absolutely certain of it�察 �as knowing that
nature follows a fixed and immutable order。
��31�� Let us take miracle as meaning that which cannot be explained
through natural causes。 ��32�� This may be interpreted in two senses�此�either
as that which has natural causes�察 �but cannot be examined by the human
intellect�察�or as that which has no cause save God and God's will。 ��33�� But
as all things which come to pass through natural causes�察�come to pass also
solely through the will and power of God�察�it comes to this�察�that a miracle�察�
whether it has natural causes or not�察�is a result which cannot be explained
by its cause�察�that is a phenomenon which surpasses human understanding�察�
but from such a phenomenon�察�and certainly from a result surpassing our
understanding�察 �we can gain no knowledge。 ��34�� For whatsoever we
understand clearly and distinctly should be plain to us either in itself or by
means of something else clearly and distinctly understood�察�wherefore from
a miracle or a phenomenon which we cannot understand�察�we can gain no
knowledge of God's essence�察�or existence�察�or indeed anything about God
or nature�察�whereas when we know that all things are ordained and ratified
by God�察�that the operations of nature follow from the essence of God�察�and
that the laws of nature are eternal decrees and volitions of God�察�we must
perforce conclude that our knowledge of God�察�and of God's will increases
in proportion to our knowledge and clear understanding of nature�察�as we
see how she depends on her primal cause�察�and how she works according to
eternal law。 ��35�� Wherefore so far as our understanding goes�察 �those
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phenomena which we clearly and distinctly understand have much better
right to be called works of God�察�and to be referred to the will of God than
those about which we are entirely ignorant�察 �although they appeal
powerfully to the imagination�察�and compel men's admiration。
��36�� It is only phenomena that we clearly and distinctly understand�察�
which heighten our knowledge of God�察�and most clearly indicate His will
and decrees。 ��37�� Plainly�察 �they are but triflers who�察 �when they cannot
explain a thing�察�run back to the will of God�察�this is�察�truly�察�a ridiculous way
of expressing ignorance。 ��38�� Again�察�even supposing that some conclusion
could be drawn from miracles�察�we could not possibly infer from them the
existence of God�此 �for a miracle being an event under limitations is the
expression of a fixed and limited power�察�therefore we could not possibly
infer from an effect of this kind the existence of a cause whose power is
infinite�察�but at the utmost only of a cause whose power is greater than that
of the said effect。 ��39�� I say at the utmost�察�for a phenomenon may be the
result of many concurrent causes�察 �and its power may be less than the
power of the sum of such causes�察�but far greater than that of any one of
them taken individually。 ��40�� On the other hand�察�the laws of nature�察�as we
have shown�察 �extend over infinity�察 �and are conceived by us as�察 �after a
fashion�察�eternal�察�and nature works in accordance with them in a fixed and
immutable order�察�therefore�察�such laws indicate to us in a certain degree the
infinity�察�the eternity�察�and the immutability of God。
��40�� We may conclude�察 �then�察 �that we cannot gain knowledge of the
existence and providence of God by means of miracles�察�but that we can far
better infer them from the fixed and immutable order of nature。 ��41�� By
miracle�察�I here mean an event which surpasses�察�or is thought to surpass�察�
human comprehension�此 �for in so far as it is supposed to destroy or
interrupt the order of nature or her laws�察 �it not only can give us no
knowledge of God�察�but�察�contrariwise�察�takes away that which we naturally
have�察�and makes us doubt of God and everything else。
��42�� Neither do I recognize any difference between an event against
the laws of nature and an event beyond the laws of nature ��that is�察�
according to some�察�an event which does not contravene nature�察�though she
is inadequate to produce or effect it�� ´ for a miracle is wrought in�察�and not
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beyond nature�察 �though it may be said in itself to be above nature�察 �and�察�
therefore�察�must necessarily interrupt the order of nature�察�which otherwise
we conceive of as fixed and unchangeable�察�according to God's decrees。 ��43��
If�察 �therefore�察 �anything should come to pass in nature which does not
follow from her laws�察�it would also be in contravention to the order which
God has established in nature for ever through universal natural laws�此�it
would�察 �therefore�察 �be in contravention to God's nature and laws�察 �and�察�
consequently�察�belief in it would throw doubt upon everything�察�and lead to
Atheism。
��44�� I think I have now sufficiently established my second point�察 �so
that we can again conclude that a miracle�察�whether in contravention to�察�or
beyond�察�nature�察�is a mere absurdity�察�and�察�therefore�察�that what is meant in
Scripture by a miracle can only be a work of nature�察�which surpasses�察�or is
believed to surpass�察�human comprehension。 ��45�� Before passing on to my
third point�察 �I will adduce Scriptural authority for my assertion that God
cannot be known from miracles。 ��46�� Scripture nowhere states the doctrine
openly�察�but it can readily be inferred from several passages。 ��47�� Firstly�察�
that in which Moses commands ��Deut。 xiii。�� that a false prophet should be
put to death�察 �even though he work miracles�此 �If there arise a prophet
among you�察 �and giveth thee a sign or wonder�察 �and the sign or wonder
come to pass�察�saying�察�Let us go after other gods 。 。 。 thou shalt not hearken
unto the voice of that prophet�察�for the Lord your God proveth you�察�and that
prophet shall be put to death。; ��48�� From this it clearly follows that
miracles could be wrought even by false prophets�察 �and that�察 �unless men
are honestly endowed with the true knowledge and love of God�察�they may
be as easily led by miracles to follow false gods as to follow the true God�察�
for these words are added�此 �For the Lord your God tempts you�察�that He
may know whether you love Him with all your heart and with all your
mind。;
��49�� Further�察�the Israelites�察�from all their miracles�察�were unable to form
a sound conception of God�察 �as their experience testified�此 �for when they
had persuaded themselves that Moses had departed from among them�察�
they petitioned Aaron to give them visible gods�察�and the idea of God they
had formed as the result of all their miracles was ´ a calf� �
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