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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



     ��175�� There is nothing�察�then�察�in our method which renders it necessary 

that the masses should follow the testimony of commentators�察�for I point 

to a set of unlearned people who understood the language of the prophets 

and apostles�察�whereas Maimonides could not point to any such who could 

arrive   at   the   prophetic   or   apostolic   meaning   through   their   knowledge   of 

the causes of things。 

     ��176��     As   to  the   multitude     of  our   own    time�察   �we   have    shown     that 

whatsoever is necessary to salvation�察�though its reasons may be unknown�察�

can     easily   be   understood      in   any   language�察     �because     it  is  thoroughly 

ordinary   and   usual�察  �it   is   in   such   understanding   as   this   that   the   masses 

acquiesce�察  �not   in   the   testimony   of   commentators�察  �with   regard   to   other 

questions�察�the ignorant and the learned fare alike。 

     ��177�� But let us return to the opinion of Maimonides�察�and examine it 

more   closely。   In   the   first   place�察  �he   supposes   that   the   prophets   were   in 

entire    agreement       one   with    another�察   �and    that   they   were     consummate 

philosophers and theologians�察�for he would have them to have based their 

conclusions on the absolute truth。 ��178�� Further�察�he supposes that the sense 

of   Scripture   cannot   be   made   plain   from   Scripture   itself�察  �for   the   truth   of 

things is not made plain therein ��in that it does not prove any thing�察�nor 

teach   the   matters   of   which   it   speaks   through   their   definitions   and   first 



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causes���察  �therefore�察  �according   to   Maimonides�察 �the   true   sense   of   Scripture 

cannot be made plain from itself�察�and must not be there sought。 

     ��179�� The falsity of such a doctrine is shown in this very chapter�察�for 

we have shown both by reason and examples that the meaning of Scripture 

is   only    made     plain    through     Scripture     itself�察 �and    even    in   questions 

deducible   from  ordinary  knowledge   should   be   looked   for   from  no   other 

source。 

     ��180�� Lastly�察�such a theory supposes that we may explain the words of 

Scripture   according   to   our   preconceived   opinions�察  �twisting   them   about�察�

and   reversing   or   completely   changing   the   literal   sense�察  �however   plain   it 

may be。 ��181�� Such licence is utterly opposed to the teaching of this and 

the preceding chapters�察�and�察�moreover�察�will be evident to everyone as rash 

and excessive。 

     ��182��   But   if   we   grant   all   this   licence�察  �what   can   it   effect   after   all�拭�

Absolutely   nothing。   ��183��   Those   things   which   cannot   be   demonstrated�察�

and which make up the greater part of Scripture�察�cannot be examined by 

reason�察    �and   cannot    therefore     be   explained     or  interpreted     by   this  rule�察�

whereas�察�on the contrary�察�by following our own method�察�we can explain 

many   questions   of   this   nature�察  �and   discuss   them   on   a   sure   basis�察  �as   we 

have already shown�察�by reason and example。 ��184�� Those matters which 

are   by   their   nature   comprehensible   we   can   easily   explain�察  �as   has   been 

pointed out�察�simply by means of the context。 

     ��185��     Therefore�察    �the   method     of  Maimonides        is  clearly    useless�此  �to 

which   we   may   add�察  �that   it   does   away   with   all   the   certainty   which   the 

masses acquire by candid reading�察�or which is gained by any other persons 

in   any   other   way。   ��186��   In   conclusion�察  �then�察  �we   dismiss   Maimonides' 

theory as harmful�察�useless�察�and absurd。 

     ��187�� As to the tradition of the Pharisees�察�we have already shown that 

it   is   not   consistent�察  �while   the   authority   of   the   popes   of   Rome   stands   in 

need of more credible evidence�察�the latter�察�indeed�察�I reject simply on this 

ground�察�for if the popes could point out to us the meaning of Scripture as 

surely as did the high priests of the Jews�察�I should not be deterred by the 

fact that there have been heretic and impious Roman pontiffs�察�for among 

the Hebrew high´priests of old there were also heretics and impious men 



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who      gained      the   high´     priesthood      by    improper      means�察     �but    who�察�

nevertheless�察       �had    Scriptural     sanction      for   their   supreme       power      of 

interpreting   the   law。   ��See   Deut。   xvii��11�察  �12�察  �and   xxxiii��10�察  �also   Malachi 

ii��8。�� 

     ��188��     However�察      �as   the   popes    can    show     no   such    sanction�察   �their 

authority      remains     open    to   very    grave    doubt�察   �nor   should     anyone     be 

deceived   by   the   example   of   the   Jewish   high´priests   and   think   that   the 

Catholic religion also stands in need of a pontiff�察�he should bear in mind 

that    the   laws   of   Moses     being    also   the  ordinary     laws    of  the   country�察�

necessarily required some public authority to insure their observance�察�for�察�

if everyone were free to interpret the laws of his country as he pleased�察�no 

state could stand�察�but would for that very reason be dissolved at once�察�and 

public rights would become private rights。 

     ��189�� With religion the case is widely different。 Inasmuch as it consists 

not so much in outward actions as in simplicity and truth of character�察�it 

stands outside the sphere of law and public authority。 ��190�� Simplicity and 

truth of character are not produced by the constraint of laws�察�nor by the 

authority   of   the   state�察  �no   one   the   whole   world   over   can   be   forced   or 

legislated      into  a   state  of   blessedness�察    �the   means     required     for  such    a 

consummation are faithful and brotherly admonition�察�sound education�察�and�察�

above all�察�free use of the individual judgment。 

     ��191�� Therefore�察�as the supreme right of free thinking�察�even on religion�察�

is in every man's power�察�and as it is inconceivable that such power could 

be alienated�察�it is also in every man's power to wield the supreme right and 

authority   of   free   judgment   in   this   behalf�察  �and   to   explain   and   interpret 

religion     for   himself。    ��192��    The    only   reason     for  vesting     the  supreme 

authority in the interpretation of law�察�and judgment on public affairs in the 

hands of the magistrates�察�is that it concerns questions of public right。 ��193�� 

Similarly   the   supreme   authority   in   explaining   religion�察  �and   in   passing 

judgment       thereon�察   �is   lodged    with    the   individual     because     it  concerns 

questions of individual right。 ��194�� So far�察�then�察�from the authority of the 

Hebrew high´priests telling in confirmation of the authority of the Roman 

pontiffs   to   interpret   religion�察  �it   would   rather   tend   to   establish   individual 

freedom of judgment。 ��195�� Thus in this way also�察�we have shown that our 



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method of interpreting Scripture is the best。 ��196�� For as the highest power 

of    Scriptural     interpretation      belongs     to   every    man�察    �the   rule   for   such 

interpretation   should   be   nothing   but   the   natural   light   of   reason   which   is 

common   to   all   ´   not   any   supernatural   light   nor   any   external   authority�察�

moreover�察  �such   a   rule   ought   not   to   be   so   difficult   that   it   can   only   be 

applied by very skilful philosophers�察�but should be adapted to the natural 

and   ordinary   faculties   and   capacity   of   mankind。   ��197�� And   such   I   have 

shown our   method to   be�察 �for   such   difficulties   as   it   has   arise   from  men's 

carelessness�察�and are no part of its nature。 



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                            CHAPTER VIII。 



     OF THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE PENTATEUCH AND THE OTHER 

HISTORICAL BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT 

     ��1�� In the former chapter we treated of the foundations and principles 

of    Scriptural    knowledge�察      �and   showed      that   it  consists   solely    in   a 

trustworthy   history   of   the   sacred   writings�察  �such   a   history�察  �in   spite   of   its 

indispensability�察�the ancients neglected�察�or at any rate�察�whatever they may 

have     written    or  handed     down     has    perished    in   the   lapse   of   time�察�

consequently the groundwork for such an investigation is to a great extent�察�

cut from under us。 ��2�� This might be put up with if succeeding generations 

had confined themselves within the limits of truth�察�and had handed down 

conscientiously       what   few    particulars   they   had   received    or   discovered 

without   any   additions   from   their   own   brains�此  �as   it   is�察  �the   history   of   the 

Bible is not so much imperfect as untrustworthy�此�the foundations are not 

only too scanty for building upon�察�but are also unsound。 ��3�� It is part of my 

purpose     to  remedy     these   defects�察  �and   to  remove     common      theological 

prejudices。 ��4�� But I fear that I am attempting my task too late�察�for men 

have   arrived   at   the   pitch   of   not   suffering   contradiction�察  �but   defending 

obstinately whatever they have adopted under the name of religion。 ��5�� So 

widely have these prejudices taken possession of men's   minds�察�that very 

few�察  �comparatively   speaking�察  �will   l
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