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��175�� There is nothing�察�then�察�in our method which renders it necessary
that the masses should follow the testimony of commentators�察�for I point
to a set of unlearned people who understood the language of the prophets
and apostles�察�whereas Maimonides could not point to any such who could
arrive at the prophetic or apostolic meaning through their knowledge of
the causes of things。
��176�� As to the multitude of our own time�察 �we have shown that
whatsoever is necessary to salvation�察�though its reasons may be unknown�察�
can easily be understood in any language�察 �because it is thoroughly
ordinary and usual�察 �it is in such understanding as this that the masses
acquiesce�察 �not in the testimony of commentators�察 �with regard to other
questions�察�the ignorant and the learned fare alike。
��177�� But let us return to the opinion of Maimonides�察�and examine it
more closely。 In the first place�察 �he supposes that the prophets were in
entire agreement one with another�察 �and that they were consummate
philosophers and theologians�察�for he would have them to have based their
conclusions on the absolute truth。 ��178�� Further�察�he supposes that the sense
of Scripture cannot be made plain from Scripture itself�察 �for the truth of
things is not made plain therein ��in that it does not prove any thing�察�nor
teach the matters of which it speaks through their definitions and first
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causes���察 �therefore�察 �according to Maimonides�察 �the true sense of Scripture
cannot be made plain from itself�察�and must not be there sought。
��179�� The falsity of such a doctrine is shown in this very chapter�察�for
we have shown both by reason and examples that the meaning of Scripture
is only made plain through Scripture itself�察 �and even in questions
deducible from ordinary knowledge should be looked for from no other
source。
��180�� Lastly�察�such a theory supposes that we may explain the words of
Scripture according to our preconceived opinions�察 �twisting them about�察�
and reversing or completely changing the literal sense�察 �however plain it
may be。 ��181�� Such licence is utterly opposed to the teaching of this and
the preceding chapters�察�and�察�moreover�察�will be evident to everyone as rash
and excessive。
��182�� But if we grant all this licence�察 �what can it effect after all�拭�
Absolutely nothing。 ��183�� Those things which cannot be demonstrated�察�
and which make up the greater part of Scripture�察�cannot be examined by
reason�察 �and cannot therefore be explained or interpreted by this rule�察�
whereas�察�on the contrary�察�by following our own method�察�we can explain
many questions of this nature�察 �and discuss them on a sure basis�察 �as we
have already shown�察�by reason and example。 ��184�� Those matters which
are by their nature comprehensible we can easily explain�察 �as has been
pointed out�察�simply by means of the context。
��185�� Therefore�察 �the method of Maimonides is clearly useless�此 �to
which we may add�察 �that it does away with all the certainty which the
masses acquire by candid reading�察�or which is gained by any other persons
in any other way。 ��186�� In conclusion�察 �then�察 �we dismiss Maimonides'
theory as harmful�察�useless�察�and absurd。
��187�� As to the tradition of the Pharisees�察�we have already shown that
it is not consistent�察 �while the authority of the popes of Rome stands in
need of more credible evidence�察�the latter�察�indeed�察�I reject simply on this
ground�察�for if the popes could point out to us the meaning of Scripture as
surely as did the high priests of the Jews�察�I should not be deterred by the
fact that there have been heretic and impious Roman pontiffs�察�for among
the Hebrew high´priests of old there were also heretics and impious men
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who gained the high´ priesthood by improper means�察 �but who�察�
nevertheless�察 �had Scriptural sanction for their supreme power of
interpreting the law。 ��See Deut。 xvii��11�察 �12�察 �and xxxiii��10�察 �also Malachi
ii��8。��
��188�� However�察 �as the popes can show no such sanction�察 �their
authority remains open to very grave doubt�察 �nor should anyone be
deceived by the example of the Jewish high´priests and think that the
Catholic religion also stands in need of a pontiff�察�he should bear in mind
that the laws of Moses being also the ordinary laws of the country�察�
necessarily required some public authority to insure their observance�察�for�察�
if everyone were free to interpret the laws of his country as he pleased�察�no
state could stand�察�but would for that very reason be dissolved at once�察�and
public rights would become private rights。
��189�� With religion the case is widely different。 Inasmuch as it consists
not so much in outward actions as in simplicity and truth of character�察�it
stands outside the sphere of law and public authority。 ��190�� Simplicity and
truth of character are not produced by the constraint of laws�察�nor by the
authority of the state�察 �no one the whole world over can be forced or
legislated into a state of blessedness�察 �the means required for such a
consummation are faithful and brotherly admonition�察�sound education�察�and�察�
above all�察�free use of the individual judgment。
��191�� Therefore�察�as the supreme right of free thinking�察�even on religion�察�
is in every man's power�察�and as it is inconceivable that such power could
be alienated�察�it is also in every man's power to wield the supreme right and
authority of free judgment in this behalf�察 �and to explain and interpret
religion for himself。 ��192�� The only reason for vesting the supreme
authority in the interpretation of law�察�and judgment on public affairs in the
hands of the magistrates�察�is that it concerns questions of public right。 ��193��
Similarly the supreme authority in explaining religion�察 �and in passing
judgment thereon�察 �is lodged with the individual because it concerns
questions of individual right。 ��194�� So far�察�then�察�from the authority of the
Hebrew high´priests telling in confirmation of the authority of the Roman
pontiffs to interpret religion�察 �it would rather tend to establish individual
freedom of judgment。 ��195�� Thus in this way also�察�we have shown that our
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method of interpreting Scripture is the best。 ��196�� For as the highest power
of Scriptural interpretation belongs to every man�察 �the rule for such
interpretation should be nothing but the natural light of reason which is
common to all ´ not any supernatural light nor any external authority�察�
moreover�察 �such a rule ought not to be so difficult that it can only be
applied by very skilful philosophers�察�but should be adapted to the natural
and ordinary faculties and capacity of mankind。 ��197�� And such I have
shown our method to be�察 �for such difficulties as it has arise from men's
carelessness�察�and are no part of its nature。
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CHAPTER VIII。
OF THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE PENTATEUCH AND THE OTHER
HISTORICAL BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
��1�� In the former chapter we treated of the foundations and principles
of Scriptural knowledge�察 �and showed that it consists solely in a
trustworthy history of the sacred writings�察 �such a history�察 �in spite of its
indispensability�察�the ancients neglected�察�or at any rate�察�whatever they may
have written or handed down has perished in the lapse of time�察�
consequently the groundwork for such an investigation is to a great extent�察�
cut from under us。 ��2�� This might be put up with if succeeding generations
had confined themselves within the limits of truth�察�and had handed down
conscientiously what few particulars they had received or discovered
without any additions from their own brains�此 �as it is�察 �the history of the
Bible is not so much imperfect as untrustworthy�此�the foundations are not
only too scanty for building upon�察�but are also unsound。 ��3�� It is part of my
purpose to remedy these defects�察 �and to remove common theological
prejudices。 ��4�� But I fear that I am attempting my task too late�察�for men
have arrived at the pitch of not suffering contradiction�察 �but defending
obstinately whatever they have adopted under the name of religion。 ��5�� So
widely have these prejudices taken possession of men's minds�察�that very
few�察 �comparatively speaking�察 �will l
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