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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及20何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



prophetic books neither collected all the prophets�察�nor all the writings of 

those we have�察�for of the prophets who are said to have prophesied in the 

reign   of   Manasseh   and   of   whom   general   mention   is   made   in   2   Chron。 



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xxxiii��10�察�18�察�we have�察�evidently�察�no prophecies extant�察�neither have we all 

the prophecies of the twelve who give their names to books。 ��31�� Of Jonah 

we   have   only�察  �the   prophecy   concerning   the   Ninevites�察  �though   he   also 

prophesied to the children of Israel�察�as we learn in 2 Kings xiv��25。 

     ��32��     The    book     and    the   personality      of   Job    have    caused     much 

controversy。 ��33�� Some think that the book is the work of Moses�察�and the 

whole narrative merely allegorical。 ��34�� Such is the opinion of the Rabbins 

recorded   in   the   Talmud�察  �and   they   are   supported   by�察  �Maimonides   in   his 

;More  Nebuchim。;   ��35��   Others   believe  it   to   be   a  true   history�察 �and   some 

suppose      that   Job   lived   in  the   time   of   Jacob�察   �and   was    married     to  his 

daughter Dinah。 ��36�� Aben Ezra�察�however�察�as I have already stated�察�affirms�察�

in his commentaries�察�that the work is a translation into Hebrew from some 

other language�此�I could wish that he could advance more cogent arguments 

than he does�察�for we might then conclude that the Gentiles also had sacred 

books。 ��37�� I myself leave the matter undecided�察�but I conjecture Job to 

have   been   a   Gentile�察  �and   a   man   of   very   stable   character�察  �who   at   first 

prospered�察     �then    was   assailed    with    terrible   calamities�察   �and    finally�察 �was 

restored   to   great   happiness。   ��38��   ��He   is   thus   named�察  �among   others�察  �by 

Ezekiel�察  �xiv��12。��   ��39��   I   take   it   that   the   constancy   of   his   mind   amid   the 

vicissitudes   of   his   fortune   occasioned   many   men   to   dispute   about   God's 

providence�察      �or  at   least  caused     the   writer   of   the  book     in  question     to 

compose       his   dialogues�察    �for   the  contents�察    �and   also   the   style�察  �seem    to 

emanate far less from a man wretchedly ill and lying among ashes�察�than 

from one reflecting at ease in his study。 ��40�� I should also be inclined to 

agree with Aben Ezra that the book is a translation�察�for its poetry seems 

akin to that of the Gentiles�察�thus the Father of Gods summons a council�察�

and    Momus�察      �here   called    Satan�察  �criticizes    the  Divine     decrees    with    the 

utmost   freedom。   ��41��   But   these   are   mere   conjectures   without   any   solid 

foundation。 

     ��42�� I pass on to the book of Daniel�察�which�察�from chap。 viii。 onwards�察�

undoubtedly contains the writing of Daniel himself。 ��43�� Whence the first 

seven chapters are derived I cannot say�察�we may�察�however�察�conjecture that�察�

as   they   were   first   written   in   Chaldean�察  �they   are   taken   from   Chaldean 

chronicles。   ��44��   If   this   could   be   proved�察  �it   would   form   a   very   striking 



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proof     of  the   fact   that   the   sacredness     of   Scripture    depends     on    our 

understanding of the doctrines therein signified�察�and not on the words�察�the 

language�察�and the phrases in which these doctrines are conveyed to us�察�and 

it would further show us that books which teach and speak of whatever is 

highest and best are equally sacred�察�whatever be the tongue in which they 

are written�察�or the nation to which they belong。 

     ��45��   We   can�察  �however�察  �in   this   case   only   remark   that   the   chapters   in 

question were written in Chaldee�察�and yet are as sacred as the rest of the 

Bible。 

     ��46�� The first book of Ezra is so intimately connected with the book of 

Daniel that both are plainly recognizable as the work of the same author�察�

writing of Jewish history from the time of the first captivity onwards。 ��47�� 

I   have    no   hesitation    in  joining    to  this   the  book     of  Esther�察   �for  the 

conjunction with which it begins can refer to nothing else。 ��48�� It cannot 

be   the   same   work   as   that   written   by   Mordecai�察  �for�察  �in   chap。   ix��20´22�察�

another     person    relates   that   Mordecai     wrote    letters�察 �and    tells  us  their 

contents�察�further�察�that Queen Esther confirmed the days of Purim in their 

times appointed�察�and that the decree was written in the book that is ��by a 

Hebraism���察�in a book known to all then living�察�which�察�as Aben Ezra and 

the rest confess�察�has now perished。 ��49�� Lastly�察�for the rest of the acts of 

Mordecai�察�the historian refers us to the chronicles of the kings of Persia。 

��50�� Thus there is no doubt that this book was written by the same person 

as   he   who    recounted     the   history   of  Daniel    and   Ezra�察  �and   who    wrote 

Nehemiah�察。�Endnote 21�В察�sometimes called the second book of Ezra。 ��51�� 

We may�察�then�察�affirm that all these books are from one hand�察�but we /have 

no clue whatever to the personality of the author。 ��52�� However�察�in order 

to determine whence he�察�whoever he was�察�had gained a knowledge of the 

histories   which   he   had�察 �perchance�察  �in   great   measure   himself   written�察  �we 

may remark that the governors or chiefs of the Jews�察�after the restoration 

of   the   Temple�察    �kept   scribes   or  historiographers�察     �who    wrote    annals   or 

chronicles of them。 ��53�� The chronicles of the kings are often quoted in the 

books of Kings�察�but the chronicles of the chiefs and priests are quoted for 

the first time in Nehemiah xii��23�察�and again in 1 Macc。 xvi��24。 ��54�� This is 

undoubtedly the book   referred to as   containing the decree  of Esther  and 



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the acts of Mordecai�察�and which�察�as we said with Aben Ezra�察�is now lost。 

��55��   From   it   were   taken   the   whole   contents   of   these   four   books�察  �for   no 

other authority is quoted by their writer�察�or is known to us。 

     ��56�� That these books were not written by either Ezra or Nehemiah is 

plain   from   Nehemiah   xii��9�察       �where    the   descendants      of   the  high   priest�察�

Joshua are traced down to Jaddua�察�the sixth high priest�察�who went to meet 

Alexander       the   Great�察   �when     the   Persian    empire     was    almost     subdued 

��Josephus�察   �Ant。;   ii。   108���察  �or   who�察  �according   to   Philo´Judaeus�察  �was   the 

sixth and last high priest under the Persians。 ��57�� In the same chapter of 

Nehemiah�察�verse 22�察�this point is clearly brought out�此 �The Levites in the 

days of Eliashib�察�Joiada�察�and Johanan�察�and Jaddua�察�were recorded chief of 

the fathers�此�also the priests�察�to the reign of Darius the Persian; ´ that is to 

say�察�in the chronicles�察�and�察�I suppose�察�no one thinks�察。�Endnote 22�В察                      �that 

the   lives   of   Nehemiah   and   Ezra   were   so   prolonged   that   they   outlived 

fourteen kings   of   Persia。   ��58��   Cyrus   was   the   first   who   granted   the   Jews 

permission to rebuild their Temple�此�the period between his time and Darius�察�

fourteenth   and   last   king   of   Persia�察  �extends   over   230   years。   ��59��   I   have�察�

therefore�察�no doubt that these books were written after Judas Maccabaeus 

had   restored   the   worship   in   the   Temple�察  �for   at   that   time   false   books   of 

Daniel�察  �Ezra�察  �and   Esther   were   published   by   evil´disposed   persons�察  �who 

were almost certainly Sadducees�察�for the writings were never recognized 

by the Pharisees�察�so far as I am aware�察�and�察�although certain myths in the 

fourth book of Ezra are repeated in the Talmud�察�they must not be set down 

to the Pharisees�察�for all but the most ignorant admit that they have been 

added   by   some   trifler�此  �in   fact�察  �I   think�察  �someone   must   have   made   such 

additions with a view to casting ridicule on all the traditions of the sect。 

     ��60��  Perhaps   these   four  books   were   written   out   and   published   at   the 

time     I  have   mentioned       with   a  view     to  showing      the  people     that  the 

prophecies of Daniel had been fulfilled�察�and thus kindling their piety�察�and 

awakening a hope of future deliverance in the midst of their misfortunes。 

��61�� In spite of their recent origin�察�the books before us contain many errors�察�

due�察�I suppose�察�to the haste with which they were written。 ��62�� Marginal 

readings�察�such as I have mentioned in the last chapter�察�are found here as 

elsewhere�察  �and   in   even   greater   abundance�察  �there   are�察  �moreover�察  �certain 



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passages which can only be accounted for by supposing some such cause 

as hurry。 

     ��63�� However�察�before calling attention to the marginal readings�察�I will 

remark   that�察  �if   the   Pharisees   are   right   in   supposing   them   to   have   been 

ancient�察�and the work of the original scribes�察�we must perforce admit that 

these scribes   ��if   there were   more   than one��   set them down because   they 

found that the text from which they were copying was inaccurate�察�and did 

yet    not   venture    to   alter   what    was    written    by   their   predecessors      and 

superiors。   ��64��   I   need   not   again   go   into   the   subject   at   length�察  �and   will�察�

therefore�察    �proceed      to  mention      some    discrepancies       not   noticed    in   the 

margin。 

     ��65�� I。 Some error has crept into the text of t
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