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prophetic books neither collected all the prophets�察�nor all the writings of
those we have�察�for of the prophets who are said to have prophesied in the
reign of Manasseh and of whom general mention is made in 2 Chron。
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xxxiii��10�察�18�察�we have�察�evidently�察�no prophecies extant�察�neither have we all
the prophecies of the twelve who give their names to books。 ��31�� Of Jonah
we have only�察 �the prophecy concerning the Ninevites�察 �though he also
prophesied to the children of Israel�察�as we learn in 2 Kings xiv��25。
��32�� The book and the personality of Job have caused much
controversy。 ��33�� Some think that the book is the work of Moses�察�and the
whole narrative merely allegorical。 ��34�� Such is the opinion of the Rabbins
recorded in the Talmud�察 �and they are supported by�察 �Maimonides in his
;More Nebuchim。; ��35�� Others believe it to be a true history�察 �and some
suppose that Job lived in the time of Jacob�察 �and was married to his
daughter Dinah。 ��36�� Aben Ezra�察�however�察�as I have already stated�察�affirms�察�
in his commentaries�察�that the work is a translation into Hebrew from some
other language�此�I could wish that he could advance more cogent arguments
than he does�察�for we might then conclude that the Gentiles also had sacred
books。 ��37�� I myself leave the matter undecided�察�but I conjecture Job to
have been a Gentile�察 �and a man of very stable character�察 �who at first
prospered�察 �then was assailed with terrible calamities�察 �and finally�察 �was
restored to great happiness。 ��38�� ��He is thus named�察 �among others�察 �by
Ezekiel�察 �xiv��12。�� ��39�� I take it that the constancy of his mind amid the
vicissitudes of his fortune occasioned many men to dispute about God's
providence�察 �or at least caused the writer of the book in question to
compose his dialogues�察 �for the contents�察 �and also the style�察 �seem to
emanate far less from a man wretchedly ill and lying among ashes�察�than
from one reflecting at ease in his study。 ��40�� I should also be inclined to
agree with Aben Ezra that the book is a translation�察�for its poetry seems
akin to that of the Gentiles�察�thus the Father of Gods summons a council�察�
and Momus�察 �here called Satan�察 �criticizes the Divine decrees with the
utmost freedom。 ��41�� But these are mere conjectures without any solid
foundation。
��42�� I pass on to the book of Daniel�察�which�察�from chap。 viii。 onwards�察�
undoubtedly contains the writing of Daniel himself。 ��43�� Whence the first
seven chapters are derived I cannot say�察�we may�察�however�察�conjecture that�察�
as they were first written in Chaldean�察 �they are taken from Chaldean
chronicles。 ��44�� If this could be proved�察 �it would form a very striking
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proof of the fact that the sacredness of Scripture depends on our
understanding of the doctrines therein signified�察�and not on the words�察�the
language�察�and the phrases in which these doctrines are conveyed to us�察�and
it would further show us that books which teach and speak of whatever is
highest and best are equally sacred�察�whatever be the tongue in which they
are written�察�or the nation to which they belong。
��45�� We can�察 �however�察 �in this case only remark that the chapters in
question were written in Chaldee�察�and yet are as sacred as the rest of the
Bible。
��46�� The first book of Ezra is so intimately connected with the book of
Daniel that both are plainly recognizable as the work of the same author�察�
writing of Jewish history from the time of the first captivity onwards。 ��47��
I have no hesitation in joining to this the book of Esther�察 �for the
conjunction with which it begins can refer to nothing else。 ��48�� It cannot
be the same work as that written by Mordecai�察 �for�察 �in chap。 ix��20´22�察�
another person relates that Mordecai wrote letters�察 �and tells us their
contents�察�further�察�that Queen Esther confirmed the days of Purim in their
times appointed�察�and that the decree was written in the book that is ��by a
Hebraism���察�in a book known to all then living�察�which�察�as Aben Ezra and
the rest confess�察�has now perished。 ��49�� Lastly�察�for the rest of the acts of
Mordecai�察�the historian refers us to the chronicles of the kings of Persia。
��50�� Thus there is no doubt that this book was written by the same person
as he who recounted the history of Daniel and Ezra�察 �and who wrote
Nehemiah�察。�Endnote 21�В察�sometimes called the second book of Ezra。 ��51��
We may�察�then�察�affirm that all these books are from one hand�察�but we /have
no clue whatever to the personality of the author。 ��52�� However�察�in order
to determine whence he�察�whoever he was�察�had gained a knowledge of the
histories which he had�察 �perchance�察 �in great measure himself written�察 �we
may remark that the governors or chiefs of the Jews�察�after the restoration
of the Temple�察 �kept scribes or historiographers�察 �who wrote annals or
chronicles of them。 ��53�� The chronicles of the kings are often quoted in the
books of Kings�察�but the chronicles of the chiefs and priests are quoted for
the first time in Nehemiah xii��23�察�and again in 1 Macc。 xvi��24。 ��54�� This is
undoubtedly the book referred to as containing the decree of Esther and
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the acts of Mordecai�察�and which�察�as we said with Aben Ezra�察�is now lost。
��55�� From it were taken the whole contents of these four books�察 �for no
other authority is quoted by their writer�察�or is known to us。
��56�� That these books were not written by either Ezra or Nehemiah is
plain from Nehemiah xii��9�察 �where the descendants of the high priest�察�
Joshua are traced down to Jaddua�察�the sixth high priest�察�who went to meet
Alexander the Great�察 �when the Persian empire was almost subdued
��Josephus�察 �Ant。; ii。 108���察 �or who�察 �according to Philo´Judaeus�察 �was the
sixth and last high priest under the Persians。 ��57�� In the same chapter of
Nehemiah�察�verse 22�察�this point is clearly brought out�此 �The Levites in the
days of Eliashib�察�Joiada�察�and Johanan�察�and Jaddua�察�were recorded chief of
the fathers�此�also the priests�察�to the reign of Darius the Persian; ´ that is to
say�察�in the chronicles�察�and�察�I suppose�察�no one thinks�察。�Endnote 22�В察 �that
the lives of Nehemiah and Ezra were so prolonged that they outlived
fourteen kings of Persia。 ��58�� Cyrus was the first who granted the Jews
permission to rebuild their Temple�此�the period between his time and Darius�察�
fourteenth and last king of Persia�察 �extends over 230 years。 ��59�� I have�察�
therefore�察�no doubt that these books were written after Judas Maccabaeus
had restored the worship in the Temple�察 �for at that time false books of
Daniel�察 �Ezra�察 �and Esther were published by evil´disposed persons�察 �who
were almost certainly Sadducees�察�for the writings were never recognized
by the Pharisees�察�so far as I am aware�察�and�察�although certain myths in the
fourth book of Ezra are repeated in the Talmud�察�they must not be set down
to the Pharisees�察�for all but the most ignorant admit that they have been
added by some trifler�此 �in fact�察 �I think�察 �someone must have made such
additions with a view to casting ridicule on all the traditions of the sect。
��60�� Perhaps these four books were written out and published at the
time I have mentioned with a view to showing the people that the
prophecies of Daniel had been fulfilled�察�and thus kindling their piety�察�and
awakening a hope of future deliverance in the midst of their misfortunes。
��61�� In spite of their recent origin�察�the books before us contain many errors�察�
due�察�I suppose�察�to the haste with which they were written。 ��62�� Marginal
readings�察�such as I have mentioned in the last chapter�察�are found here as
elsewhere�察 �and in even greater abundance�察 �there are�察 �moreover�察 �certain
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passages which can only be accounted for by supposing some such cause
as hurry。
��63�� However�察�before calling attention to the marginal readings�察�I will
remark that�察 �if the Pharisees are right in supposing them to have been
ancient�察�and the work of the original scribes�察�we must perforce admit that
these scribes ��if there were more than one�� set them down because they
found that the text from which they were copying was inaccurate�察�and did
yet not venture to alter what was written by their predecessors and
superiors。 ��64�� I need not again go into the subject at length�察 �and will�察�
therefore�察 �proceed to mention some discrepancies not noticed in the
margin。
��65�� I。 Some error has crept into the text of t
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