嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及8何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
such subjects there was never really any controversy among the writers of
the Bible。
��67�� The purely speculative passages cannot be so easily�察 �traced to
their real meaning�此�the way becomes narrower�察�for as the prophets differed
in matters speculative among themselves�察�and the narratives are in great
measure adapted to the prejudices of each age�察 �we must not�察 �on any�察�
account infer the intention of one prophet from clearer passages in the
writings of another�察 �nor must we so explain his meaning�察 �unless it is
perfectly plain that the two prophets were at one in the matter。
��68�� How we are to arrive at the intention of the prophets in such cases
I will briefly explain。 ��69�� Here�察 �too�察 �we must begin from the most
universal proposition�察 �inquiring first from the most clear Scriptural
statements what is the nature of prophecy or revelation�察�and wherein does
it consist�察�then we must proceed to miracles�察�and so on to whatever is most
general till we come to the opinions of a particular prophet�察�and�察�at last�察�to
the meaning of a particular revelation�察�prophecy�察�history�察�or miracle。 ��70��
We have already pointed out that great caution is necessary not to
confound the mind of a prophet or historian with the mind of the Holy
Spirit and the truth of the matter�察�therefore I need not dwell further on the
subject。 ��71�� I would�察 �however�察 �here remark concerning the meaning of
revelation�察 �that the present method only teaches us what the prophets
really saw or heard�察 �not what they desired to signify or represent by
symbols。 ��72�� The latter may be guessed at but cannot be inferred with
certainty from Scriptural premises。
��73�� We have thus shown the plan for interpreting Scripture�察�and have�察�
at the same time�察 �demonstrated that it is the one and surest way of
investigating its true meaning。 ��74�� I am willing indeed to admit that those
persons ��if any such there be�� would be more absolutely certainly right�察�
who have received either a trustworthy tradition or an assurance from the
prophets themselves�察�such as is claimed by the Pharisees�察�or who have a
pontiff gifted with infallibility in the interpretation of Scripture�察 �such as
the Roman Catholics boast。 ��75�� But as we can never be perfectly sure�察�
either of such a tradition or of the authority of the pontiff�察�we cannot found
any certain conclusion on either�此 �the one is denied by the oldest sect of
27
´ Page 28´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
Christians�察�the other by the oldest sect of Jews。 ��76�� Indeed�察�if we consider
the series of years ��to mention no other point�� accepted by the Pharisees
from their Rabbis�察�during which time they say they have handed down the
tradition from Moses�察 �we shall find that it is not correct�察 �as I show
elsewhere。 ��77�� Therefore such a tradition should be received with
extreme suspicion�察�and although�察�according to our method�察�we are bound
to consider as uncorrupted the tradition of the Jews�察�namely�察�the meaning
of the Hebrew words which we received from them�察 �we may accept the
latter while retaining our doubts about the former。
��78�� No one has ever been able to change the meaning of a word in
ordinary use�察 �though many have changed the meaning of a particular
sentence。 ��79�� Such a proceeding would be most difficult�察 �for whoever
attempted to change the meaning of a word�察�would be compelled�察�at the
same time�察�to explain all the authors who employed it�察�each according to
his temperament and intention�察 �or else�察 �with consummate cunning�察 �to
falsify them。
��80�� Further�察�the masses and the learned alike preserve language�察�but it
is only the learned who preserve the meaning of particular sentences and
books�此 �thus�察 �we may easily imagine that the learned having a very rare
book in their power�察�might change or corrupt the meaning of a sentence in
it�察 �but they could not alter the signification of the words�察 �moreover�察 �if
anyone wanted to change the meaning of a common word he would not be
able to keep up the change among posterity�察 �or in common parlance or
writing。
��81�� For these and such´like reasons we may readily conclude that it
would never enter into the mind of anyone to corrupt a language�察�though
the intention of a writer may often have been falsified by changing his
phrases or interpreting them amiss。 ��82�� As then our method ��based on the
principle that the knowledge of Scripture must be sought from itself alone��
is the sole true one�察�we must evidently renounce any knowledge which it
cannot furnish for the complete understanding of Scripture。 ��83�� I will now
point out its difficulties and shortcomings�察 �which prevent our gaining a
complete and assured knowledge of the Sacred Text。
��84�� Its first great difficulty consists in its requiring a thorough
28
´ Page 29´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
knowledge of the Hebrew language。 ��85�� Where is such knowledge to be
obtained�拭。�86�� The men of old who employed the Hebrew tongue have left
none of the principles and bases of their language to posterity�察 �we have
from them absolutely nothing in the way of dictionary�察 �grammar�察 �or
rhetoric。
��87�� Now the Hebrew nation has lost all its grace and beauty ��as one
would expect after the defeats and persecutions it has gone through���察�and
has only retained certain fragments of its language and of a few books。 ��88��
Nearly all the names of fruits�察 �birds�察 �and fishes�察 �and many other words
have perished in the wear and tear of time。 ��89�� Further�察�the meaning of
many nouns and verbs which occur in the Bible are either utterly lost�察�or
are subjects of dispute。 ��90�� And not only are these gone�察 �but we are
lacking in a knowledge of Hebrew phraseology。 ��91�� The devouring tooth
of time has destroyed turns of expression peculiar to the Hebrews�察�so that
we know them no more。
��92�� Therefore we cannot investigate as we would all the meanings of
a sentence by the uses of the language�察 �and there are many phrases of
which the meaning is most obscure or altogether inexplicable�察�though the
component words are perfectly plain。
��93�� To this impossibility of tracing the history of the Hebrew
language must be added its particular nature and composition�此�these give
rise to so many ambiguities that it is impossible to find a method which
would enable us to gain a certain knowledge of all the statements in
Scripture�察 。�Endnote 7�А� ��94�� In addition to the sources of ambiguities
common to all languages�察�there are many peculiar to Hebrew。 ��95�� These�察�I
think�察�it worth while to mention。
��96�� Firstly�察�an ambiguity often arises in the Bible from our mistaking
one letter for another similar one。 ��97�� The Hebrews divide the letters of
the alphabet into five classes�察 �according to the five organs of the month
employed in pronouncing them�察�namely�察�the lips�察�the tongue�察�the teeth�察�the
palate�察 �and the throat。 ��98�� For instance�察 �Alpha�察 �Ghet�察 �Hgain�察 �He�察 �are
called gutturals�察�and are barely distinguishable�察�by any sign that we know�察�
one from the other。 ��99�� El�察 �which signifies to�察 �is often taken for hgal�察�
which signifies above�察 �and vice versa。 ��100�� Hence sentences are often
29
´ Page 30´
A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2
rendered rather ambiguous or meaningless。
��101�� A second difficulty arises from the multiplied meaning of
conjunctions and adverbs。 ��102�� For instance�察 �vau serves promiscuously
for a particle of union or of separation�察 �meaning�察 �and�察 �but�察 �because�察�
however�察 �then�此 �ki�察 �has seven or eight meanings�察 �namely�察 �wherefore�察�
although�察�if�察�when�察�inasmuch as�察�because�察�a burning�察�&c。�察�and so on with
almost all particles。
��103�� The third very fertile source of doubt is the fact that Hebrew
verbs in the indicative mood lack the present�察 �the past imperfect�察 �the
pluperfect�察�the future perfect�察�and other tenses most frequently employed
in other languages�察 �in the imperative and infinitive moods they are
wanting in all except the present�察�and a subjunctive mood does not exist。
��104�� Now�察 �although all these defects in moods and tenses may be
supplied by certain fundamental rules of the language with ease and even
elegance�察�the ancient writers evidently neglected such rules altogether�察�and
employed indifferently future for present and past�察�and vice versa past for
future�察�and also indicative for imperative and subjunctive�察�with the result
of considerable confusion。
��105�� Besides these sources of ambiguity there are two others�察 �one
very important。 ��106�� Firstly�察�there are
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��