嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及8何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��





such subjects there was never really any controversy among the writers of 

the Bible。 

     ��67��   The   purely   speculative   passages   cannot   be   so   easily�察  �traced   to 

their real meaning�此�the way becomes narrower�察�for as the prophets differed 

in matters   speculative among   themselves�察�and the narratives   are in  great 

measure   adapted   to   the   prejudices   of   each   age�察  �we   must   not�察  �on   any�察�

account   infer   the   intention   of   one   prophet   from   clearer   passages   in   the 

writings   of   another�察  �nor   must   we   so   explain   his   meaning�察  �unless   it   is 

perfectly plain that the two prophets were at one in the matter。 

     ��68�� How we are to arrive at the intention of the prophets in such cases 

I   will   briefly    explain。    ��69��   Here�察   �too�察  �we    must    begin    from     the  most 

universal      proposition�察      �inquiring     first   from    the   most     clear    Scriptural 

statements what is the nature of prophecy or revelation�察�and wherein does 

it consist�察�then we must proceed to miracles�察�and so on to whatever is most 

general till we come to the opinions of a particular prophet�察�and�察�at last�察�to 

the meaning of a particular revelation�察�prophecy�察�history�察�or miracle。 ��70�� 

We     have     already    pointed     out    that   great   caution     is  necessary      not   to 

confound   the   mind   of   a   prophet   or   historian   with   the   mind   of   the   Holy 

Spirit and the truth of the matter�察�therefore I need not dwell further on the 

subject。   ��71��   I   would�察  �however�察  �here   remark   concerning   the   meaning   of 

revelation�察  �that   the   present   method   only   teaches   us   what   the   prophets 

really   saw   or   heard�察  �not   what   they   desired   to   signify   or   represent   by 

symbols。   ��72��   The   latter   may   be   guessed   at   but   cannot   be   inferred   with 

certainty from Scriptural premises。 

     ��73�� We have thus shown the plan for interpreting Scripture�察�and have�察�

at   the   same     time�察  �demonstrated        that   it  is  the  one    and   surest    way    of 

investigating its true meaning。 ��74�� I am willing indeed to admit that those 

persons   ��if   any  such   there be��   would be   more   absolutely  certainly  right�察�

who have received either a trustworthy tradition or an assurance from the 

prophets themselves�察�such as is claimed by the Pharisees�察�or who have a 

pontiff   gifted   with   infallibility  in   the   interpretation   of   Scripture�察 �such   as 

the   Roman   Catholics   boast。  ��75��   But   as   we   can   never be   perfectly  sure�察�

either of such a tradition or of the authority of the pontiff�察�we cannot found 

any  certain   conclusion on   either�此  �the one   is   denied by  the   oldest   sect   of 



                                                 27 


´ Page 28´

                             A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2 



Christians�察�the other by the oldest sect of Jews。 ��76�� Indeed�察�if we consider 

the series of years ��to mention no other point�� accepted by the Pharisees 

from their Rabbis�察�during which time they say they have handed down the 

tradition    from    Moses�察    �we   shall  find   that  it  is  not  correct�察  �as   I  show 

elsewhere。      ��77��    Therefore     such    a  tradition    should    be   received    with 

extreme suspicion�察�and although�察�according to our method�察�we are bound 

to consider as uncorrupted the tradition of the Jews�察�namely�察�the meaning 

of the Hebrew   words which we   received from them�察  �we   may accept the 

latter while retaining our doubts about the former。 

     ��78�� No one has ever been able to change the meaning of a word in 

ordinary   use�察  �though      many   have   changed   the      meaning   of   a    particular 

sentence。   ��79��   Such   a   proceeding   would   be   most   difficult�察  �for   whoever 

attempted to change the meaning of a word�察�would be compelled�察�at the 

same time�察�to explain all the authors who employed it�察�each according to 

his   temperament       and   intention�察   �or  else�察 �with   consummate        cunning�察   �to 

falsify them。 

     ��80�� Further�察�the masses and the learned alike preserve language�察�but it 

is only the learned who preserve the meaning of particular sentences and 

books�此  �thus�察  �we   may   easily   imagine   that   the   learned   having   a   very   rare 

book in their power�察�might change or corrupt the meaning of a sentence in 

it�察  �but   they   could   not   alter   the   signification   of   the   words�察  �moreover�察  �if 

anyone wanted to change the meaning of a common word he would not be 

able   to   keep   up   the   change   among   posterity�察  �or   in   common   parlance   or 

writing。 

     ��81�� For these and such´like reasons we may readily conclude that it 

would never enter into the mind of anyone to corrupt a language�察�though 

the   intention   of   a   writer   may   often   have   been   falsified   by   changing   his 

phrases or interpreting them amiss。 ��82�� As then our method ��based on the 

principle that the knowledge of Scripture must be sought from itself alone�� 

is the sole true one�察�we must evidently renounce any knowledge which it 

cannot furnish for the complete understanding of Scripture。 ��83�� I will now 

point   out   its   difficulties   and   shortcomings�察  �which   prevent   our   gaining   a 

complete and assured knowledge of the Sacred Text。 

     ��84��    Its  first  great   difficulty   consists    in  its  requiring    a   thorough 



                                              28 


´ Page 29´

                              A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2 



knowledge of the Hebrew language。 ��85�� Where is such knowledge to be 

obtained�拭。�86�� The men of old who employed the Hebrew tongue have left 

none of   the principles   and bases of   their   language to   posterity�察  �we   have 

from     them    absolutely     nothing    in   the  way    of   dictionary�察   �grammar�察     �or 

rhetoric。 

     ��87�� Now the Hebrew nation has lost all its grace and beauty ��as one 

would expect after the defeats and persecutions it has gone through���察�and 

has only retained certain fragments of its language and of a few books。 ��88�� 

Nearly   all   the   names   of   fruits�察  �birds�察  �and   fishes�察  �and   many   other   words 

have perished in the wear and tear of time。 ��89�� Further�察�the meaning of 

many nouns and verbs which occur in the Bible are either utterly lost�察�or 

are   subjects   of   dispute。   ��90��   And   not   only   are   these   gone�察  �but   we   are 

lacking in a knowledge of Hebrew phraseology。 ��91�� The devouring tooth 

of time has destroyed turns of expression peculiar to the Hebrews�察�so that 

we know them no more。 

     ��92�� Therefore we cannot investigate as we would all the meanings of 

a   sentence   by   the   uses   of   the   language�察  �and   there   are   many   phrases   of 

which the meaning is most obscure or altogether inexplicable�察�though the 

component words are perfectly plain。 

     ��93��    To    this  impossibility      of  tracing    the   history    of  the   Hebrew 

language must be added its particular nature and composition�此�these give 

rise to so many ambiguities that it is impossible to find a method which 

would   enable   us   to   gain   a   certain   knowledge   of   all   the   statements   in 

Scripture�察  。�Endnote   7�А�   ��94��   In      addition   to   the   sources   of   ambiguities 

common to all languages�察�there are many peculiar to Hebrew。 ��95�� These�察�I 

think�察�it worth while to mention。 

     ��96�� Firstly�察�an ambiguity often arises in the Bible from our mistaking 

one letter for another similar one。 ��97�� The Hebrews divide the letters of 

the alphabet into   five classes�察 �according to the   five organs   of the   month 

employed in pronouncing them�察�namely�察�the lips�察�the tongue�察�the teeth�察�the 

palate�察  �and   the   throat。   ��98��   For   instance�察  �Alpha�察  �Ghet�察  �Hgain�察  �He�察  �are 

called gutturals�察�and are barely distinguishable�察�by any sign that we know�察�

one   from   the   other。   ��99��   El�察  �which   signifies   to�察  �is   often   taken   for   hgal�察�

which   signifies   above�察  �and   vice   versa。   ��100��   Hence   sentences   are   often 



                                               29 


´ Page 30´

                              A Theologico´Political Treatise Part 2 



rendered rather ambiguous or meaningless。 

     ��101��     A   second     difficulty   arises   from     the  multiplied     meaning      of 

conjunctions   and   adverbs。   ��102��   For   instance�察  �vau   serves   promiscuously 

for    a  particle   of  union    or   of  separation�察    �meaning�察    �and�察  �but�察  �because�察�

however�察      �then�此  �ki�察 �has   seven    or   eight   meanings�察     �namely�察    �wherefore�察�

although�察�if�察�when�察�inasmuch as�察�because�察�a burning�察�&c。�察�and so on with 

almost all particles。 

     ��103��   The   third   very   fertile   source   of   doubt   is   the   fact   that   Hebrew 

verbs   in   the   indicative   mood   lack   the   present�察  �the   past   imperfect�察  �the 

pluperfect�察�the future perfect�察�and other tenses most frequently employed 

in   other    languages�察    �in   the   imperative     and    infinitive   moods      they   are 

wanting in all except the present�察�and a subjunctive mood does not exist。 

��104��     Now�察   �although      all  these   defects    in  moods     and    tenses    may    be 

supplied by certain fundamental rules of the language with ease and even 

elegance�察�the ancient writers evidently neglected such rules altogether�察�and 

employed indifferently future for present and past�察�and vice versa past for 

future�察�and also indicative for imperative and subjunctive�察�with the result 

of considerable confusion。 

     ��105��   Besides   these   sources   of   ambiguity   there   are   two   others�察  �one 

very important。 ��106�� Firstly�察�there are 
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��