嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及12何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



can remember�察�do their duty in any wise�察�even if they recollect that they 

have    any   duty   to  do。   Greed�察    �chicane�察   �hypocrisy�察   �uselessness     are  the 

ruling    laws   of   human     society。   A    new    book    of  Ecclesiastes�察   �crying�察�

;Vanity   of   vanity�察  �all   is   vanity�察─  �the   ;conclusion   of   the   whole   matter; 

being left out�察�and the new Ecclesiastes rendered thereby diabolic�察�instead 

of   like   that   old   one�察  �divine。 For�察  �instead   of   ;Fear   God   and   keep   his 

commandments�察�for that is the whole duty of main�察─�Le Sage sends forth 

the new conclusion�察 �Take care of thyself�察�and feed on thy neighbours�察�for 

that is the whole duty of man。;           And very faithfully was his advice ��easy 

enough to obey at all times�� obeyed for nearly a century after ;Gil Blas; 

appeared。 

     About   the   same   time   there   appeared�察  �by   a   remarkable   coincidence�察�

another work�察�like it the child of the Ancien Regime�察�and yet as opposite to 

it as light to darkness。       If Le Sage drew men as they were�察�Fenelon tried 

at least to draw them as they might have been and still might be�察�were they 

governed       by   sages   and    by   saints�察  �according     to   the  laws    of   God。 

;Telemaque;   is   an   idealimperfect�察  �doubtless�察  �as   all ideals   must   be   in   a 

world in which God's ways and thoughts are for ever higher than man's�察�

but an ideal nevertheless。 If its construction is less complete than that of 

;Gil Blas�察─�it is because its aim is infinitely higher�察�because the form has 

to be subordinated�察�here and there�察�to the matter。             If its political economy 



                                               41 


´ Page 42´

                                    THE ANCIEN REGIME 



be   imperfect�察  �often   chimerical�察  �it   is   because   the   mind   of   one   man   must 

needs have been too weak to bring into shape and order the chaos�察�social 

and    economic�察     �which     he   saw   around     him。    M。    de   Lamartine�察     �in  his 

brilliant little life of Fenelon�察�does not hesitate to trace to the influence of 

;Telemaque�察─  �the   Utopias   which   produced   the   revolutions   of   1793   and 

1848。      ;The   saintly   poet   was�察─  �he   says�察   �without   knowing   it�察  �the   first 

Radical and the first communist of his century。;                   But it is something to 

have preached to princes doctrines till then unknown�察�or at least forgotten 

for many a generationfree trade�察�peace�察�international arbitration�察�and the 

;carriere     ouverte    aux    talents;   for  all  ranks。    It   is  something      to  have 

warned his generation of the dangerous overgrowth of the metropolis�察�to 

have prophesied�察�as an old Hebrew might have done�察�that the despotism 

which      he  saw    around     him   would     end   in   a  violent   revolution。      It   is 

something to have combined the highest Christian morality with a hearty 

appreciation   of      old  Greek     life�察 �of  its  reverence     for  bodily   health    and 

prowess�察     �its  joyous    and    simple    country     society�察  �its  sacrificial    feasts�察�

dances�察�games�察�its respect for the gods�察�its belief that they helped�察�guided�察�

inspired   the   sons   of   men。    It   is   something   to   have   himself   believed   in 

God�察  �in   a   living   God�察  �who�察  �both   in   this   life   and   in   all   lives   to   come�察�

rewarded       the  good     and   punished      the  evil   by   inevitable    laws。     It  is 

something to have warned a young prince�察�in an age of doctrinal bigotry 

and practical atheism�察�that a living God still existed�察�and that his laws were 

still   in   force�察  �to  have   shown   him   Tartarus   crowded   with         the   souls   of 

wicked      monarchs�察     �while   a   few   of  kingly   race   rested    in  Elysium�察    �and 

among   them   old   pagansInachus�察  �Cecrops�察  �Erichthon�察  �Triptolemus�察  �and 

Sesostrisrewarded for ever for having done their duty�察�each according to 

his light�察�to the flocks which the gods had committed to their care。                       It is 

something   to   have   spoken   to   a   prince�察  �in   such   an   age�察  �without   servility�察�

and without etiquette�察�of the frailties and the dangers which beset arbitrary 

rulers�察�to have told him that royalty�察 �when assumed to content oneself�察�is 

a monstrous tyranny�察�when assumed to fulfil its duties�察�and to conduct an 

innumerable people as a father conducts his children�察�a crushing slavery�察�

which demands an heroic courage and patience。; 

     Let us honour the courtier who dared speak such truths�察�and still more 



                                                 42 


´ Page 43´

                                    THE ANCIEN REGIME 



the saintly celibate who had sufficient catholicity of mind to envelop them 

in old Grecian dress�察�and�察�without playing false for a moment to his own 

Christianity�察�seek in the writings of heathen sages a wider and a healthier 

view of humanity than was afforded by an ascetic creed。 

     No wonder that the appearance of ;Telemaque�察─�published in Holland 

without      the  permission      of  Fenelon�察    �delighted     throughout      Europe     that 

public   which   is   always   delighted   with   new   truths�察  �as   long   as   it   is   not 

required   to   practise   them。      To   read   ;Telemaque;   was   the   right   and   the 

enjoyment       of   everyone。      To    obey    it�察 �the  duty   only    of  princes。     No 

wonder   that�察  �on   the   other   hand�察  �this   ;Vengeance   de   peuples�察  �lecon   des 

rois�察─  �as   M。   de   Lamartine   calls   it�察  �was   taken   for   the   bitterest   satire   by 

Louis XIV。�察�and completed the disgrace of one who had dared to teach the 

future king of France that he must show himself�察�in all things�察�the opposite 

of   his   grandfather。    No   wonder   if   Madame   de   Maintenon   and   the   court 

looked on its portraits of wicked ministers and courtiers as caricatures of 

themselves�察      �portraits    too�察  �which�察     �composed       thus    in  the   palace     of 

Versailles�察�under the auspices of that confidence which the king had placed 

in the preceptor of his heir�察�seemed a domestic treason。;                 No wonder�察�also�察�

if the foolish and envious world outside was of the same opinion�察�and after 

enjoying      for  awhile   this   exposure   of     the   great  ones   of   the   earth�察 �left 

;Telemaque; as an Utopia with which private folks had no concern�察�and 

betook themselves to the easier and more practical model of ;Gil Blas。; 

     But there  are  solid defects   in   ;Telemaque;indicating   corresponding 

defects in the author's mindwhich would have�察�in any case�察�prevented its 

doing the good work which Fenelon desired�察�defects which are natural�察�as 

it seems to me�察�to his position as a Roman Catholic priest�察�however saintly 

and   pure�察  �however   humane   and   liberal。          The   king�察  �with   him�察  �is   to   be 

always   the   father   of   his   people�察  �which   is   tantamount   to   saying�察  �that   the 

people are to be always children�察�and in a condition of tutelage�察�voluntary�察�

if possible�此     �if not�察�of tutelage still。      Of self´government�察�and education 

of human beings into free manhood by the exercise of self´ government�察�

free    will�察 �free   thoughtof     this  Fenelon     had   surely   not   a  glimpse。     A 

generation   or   two   passed   by�察  �and   then   the   peoples   of   Europe   began   to 

suspect   that   they   were   no   longer   children�察  �but   come   to   manhood�察  �and 



                                                 43 


´ Page 44´

                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



determined   ��after   the   example   of       Britain   and   America��   to   assume      the 

rights   and   duties   of   manhood�察  �at   whatever   risk   of   excesses   or   mistakes�此�

and   then   ;Telemaque;   was   relegated   half   unjustlyas   the   slavish   and 

childish dream of a past age�察�into the schoolroom�察�where it still remains。 

     But there is a defect in ;Telemaque; which is perhaps deeper still。 No 

woman   in   it   exercises   influence   over   man�察  �except   for   evil。   Minerva�察  �the 

guiding and inspiring spirit�察�assumes of course�察�as Mentor�察�a male form�察�

but   her   speech   and   thought   is   essentially   masculine�察  �and   not   feminine。 

Antiope is   a   mere   lay´figure�察  �introduced   at   the   end   of   the   book   because 

Telemachus must needs be allowed to have hope of marrying someone or 

other。     Venus   plays   but   the   same   part   as   she   does   in   the   Tannenhauser 

legends of the Middle Age。            Her hatred against Telemachus is an integral 

element      of  the   plot。   She�察   �with   the  other    women     or   nymphs     of   the 

romance�察  �in   spite   of   all   Fenelon's   mercy   and   courtesy   towards   human 

frailties�察�really rise no higher than the witches of the Malleus Maleficanum。 

Woman   as   the   old   monk   held   who   derived   femina   from   fe�察  �faith�察  �and 

minus�察�less�察�because women have less faith than menis�察�in ;Telemaque�察─�

whenever   she   thinks   or   acts�察  �the   temptress�察  �the   enchantress�察  �the   victim 

��according   to   a   very   ancient   calumny��   of   passions   more   violent�察  �often 

more lawless�察�than man's。 

     Such a conception of women   must make ;Telemaque�察─�to the end of 

time�察�useless as a wholesome book of education。                   It must have crippled 

its influence�察�especially in France�察�in its own time。                For there�察�for good 

and for evil�察�woman was asserting more and more her power�察�and her right 

to   power�察    �over   the   mind     and   heart   of   man。    Rising    from    the   long 

degradation of the Middle Ages�察�which had really respected her o
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��